The Hound Of The Baskervilles Essay Example for Free

The Hound Of The Baskervilles EssayMr and Miss Stapleton claim to be comrade and sister and as they live in Merripit House. These are some of the prime suspects as they lived right tightly fitting Sir Charles- or now sir Henry. At first they expect pleasant folk although when Watson first meets them Mr Stapleton becomes distracted at unmatched point and Miss Stapleton thinking Watson is Sir Henry Baskerville warns him at there first introduction. Go concealment Go straight back to London instantly This obviously makes Watson of both of them. Even though Holmes knew all along Watson only found out near the end when Holmes told him that Mr and Miss Stapleton werent brother and sister they were married, but Watson must have got the impression before hand because Sir Henry in the end fell in love with Miss Stapleton but every time they went to meet etc Mr Stapleton was always there. As we know Mr Stapleton killed Sir Charles with his draw and he nearly got away with it if it we rent for Watson and Sherlock Holmes. passim this Miss Stapleton was helpless because when she was going to try and stop the killing of Sir Henry, Mr Stapleton tied her up so she was totally helpless. This creates suspense throughout the novel, as no one knows if they really are what they say they are. Mr and Mrs Barrymore were suspects in this as they were Sir Charles servants and Watson found out while he was staying with Sir Henry that Barrymore went to a room every few nights and gave a signal.In the end they followed Mr Barrymore and found out that the escaped convict on the moor was Mrs Barrymores brother and they were signalling to him so they could go out and give him food. Eventually the hound killed Seldon as he was mistaken for Sir Henry as he was wearing some of his old clothes Mrs Barrymore had given him. Mrs Laura Lyons father is Mr frankland but because she married without his fancy he wouldnt have anything to do with her. Sir Charles and her were very close he helped Laura and lent her money.Laura fell in love with Mr Stapleton though as she thought he wasnt married, he tricked her into saying to sir Charles to meet her at 10 oclock instead Mr Stapleton went there with the hound and Sir Charles died. A few clues were Sherlock Holmes and Watson got all this information from is from a missing stir which was used by Mr Stapleton to find Sir Henry on the moor because it had his scent, Talking to Miss Laura Lyons a lot and obviously there general Knowledge. In final stage to Conan Doyles- Hound of the Baskervilles I think it was a good book with lots of ups and downs and a whole load of suspense and Dramatic Tension.

Behavior of Gases Essay Example for Free

Behavior of Gases EssayIntroduction In this experiment, the problem trying to be solved is what gas laws are being used when the public press, temperature, and volume are being measured. The three gas laws are Boyles jurisprudence, Charles Law, and Gay-Lussacs Law. The Boyles Law is when volume and pressure are being compared. Pressure and volume are inversely proportional, because when pressure goes up, volume goes down. The Charles Law is when volume and temperature are compared. mountain and temperature are also inversely proportional as well. Lastly, Gay-Lussacs Law is when pressure and temperature are compared. Pressure and temperature are directly proportional therefore when pressure goes up, temperature also goes up. The formulas are as follows Boyles Law P2 P1 = P2 V2 Charles Law V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussacs Law P1/T1 = P2/T2 Hypothesis If volume, temperature, and pressure are measured, they depart follow the laws and run low under Boyles, Charles, or Gay-Lussacs law. E xpected Results It should be expected that when volume and pressure are measured, pressure will go up and volume will go down.When volume and temperature are compared, volume will go up and temperature will go down. Lastly, when pressure andtemperature are measured, pressure will go up as temperature goes up. Experimental Procedure Part I Connect a 20mL syringe to a LabQuest Select File New Then, Mode dislodge to Events with gateway Next, Enter Name as Volume Enter Units as mL Select OK Start at 10mL on the syringe and wait for the narration to Select Keep Keep at least 6 selective information points (any of your choice)Only pull the syringe out (making the mL readings higher each time) curb the Data Collection and view the chart and points Record Part II Place an Erlenmeyer flaskful in a beaker big enough to fit the flask Connect a temperature apparatus to the Lab Quest and place probe in beaker Then connect the pressure tube to the Lab Quest in channel 2 and connect the other end of the tube with the rubber stopper to the Erlenmeyer flask Select File New Then Mode Change to Selected Events Exit In sensors menu, change units to KelvinTap graph X-axis chose temperature Place faucet, room temperature water in the beaker Select Keep Place ice in the beaker Select Keep Place room temperature water in the beaker again and place on a hot plate Wait for the water to change state Place temperature probe and Erlenmeyer flask back in beaker Select Keep Record result from graph and chart Results VOLUME (mL) PRESSURE 10 103. 27 12 87. 6 14 76. 14 16 67. 5 18 60. 96 20 55. 15 This data and chart is comparing volume and pressure.The graph represents the Boyles Law because as the pressure is going up the volume is going down. TYPE OF WATER TEMPERATURE (K) PRESSURE Normal 102. 8 295 Ice 98. 29 275. 4 Boiling 122. 31 357. 4 This data and chart is comparing temperature and pressure. The graph represents Gay-Lussacs Law because as temperature goes up, pressure goes up as well. intelligence This experiment went extremely smooth. The data was easy to collect as long as you kept the Lab Quest and tools stable to ensure for accurate readings for temperature, pressure, and volume.The graphs and data easily coincided correctly with the theories of the gas laws, as was shown accessibly once the graphs were made. Although the data coincided with the theories correctly, the temperature readings for freezing and boiling may have not been completely accurate because the temperatures of the water was not measured accurately for correct boiling and freezing temperatures, but recorded solely for the theories and to prove them. Overall, the experiment held up well and the hypothesis and theories were proven to be correct.

Miniplates for Osteosynthesis of Middle Facial Fractures

Mini homes for Osteosynthesis of Middle Facial FracturesINTRODUCTIONNumerous biomechanical studies illustrate the stability of the rigid statistical regression for mandibular recrudesces4-6. However, little research has cogitate on the maxilla, despite the fact that Le Fort separates and osteotomies are common clinical dedicateations. For the give-and-take of Le Fort maxillary bumps, the primary aims include the ri steade of correct mid facial nerve vertical height and anterior projection and restoration of point. N onetheless, the removal rate of the miniplates and screws were approximately 50% in orthognathic cognitive process (Le Fort I osteotomy), collectible predominantly to infection or wound dehiscence7. The other problem is that patients sometimes complain of weak clenching after the operation, therefore questions regarding minimum descend of plates and stability pastime compulsion welcome risen in recent times.Miniplate osteosynthesis, developed by Champy in 19751, is todays warning for the treatment of facial fracture. More recently resorbable plates2 and screws and 3-dimensional miniplating transcription3, have been introduced for mending of facial fractures. Many studies have proved the efficacy of common chord dimensional plating systems in mandible fractures further very little research have been carried out on midface fractures. We studied the efficacy of three dimensional plates in midface fractures and found them efficacious enough to stabilize the bone fragments during osteosynthesis.Three dimensional miniplating system was introduced by Farmand (1992)3. The basic concept of three-dimensional fixation is that a geometric all(prenominal)y closed quadrangular plate secured with bone screws creates stability in three dimensions. The three dimensional plates are positioned perpendicular to the fracture draw. The screws adapt each part of the plate separately without any tension to the bone. The cross linking provides the sta bility to the system. Three dimensional miniplates are easy to adjust, requires minimal tissue dissection thus least disturbing the blood supply and because of its design fixation points remain in the vicinity of fracture line. Its low profile design and space between plate holes permits excellent revascularization.The biomechanical and technical advantold ages of three dimensional miniplate systems over two dimensional miniplate system promoted the topical reckon to evaluate the efficacy of the 3-D titanium miniplates as a viable treatment modality in the osteosynthesis of middle third facial fractures. existent AND METHODSubjects for the present guide were selected amongst the patients, attending the outpatients department and emergency services of Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Kothiwal dental college and research centre,Moradabad.Study comprised of thirty patients, with uncaring lefort I fracture,20 patients had bilateral fracture and 10 patients had unilateral l efort I fracture . All patients were taken up randomly irrespective of age, sex caste and creed.Patients were diagnosed on the basis of clinical interrogative sentence and radiographic interpretation. Preoperative evaluation included careful examination of the soft tissues and underlying skeleton. A thorough physical examination was carried out to exclude any other injuries.All selected patients were informed about the experimental nature of the battleground and the possible complications were explained. Their co-operation was solicited and informed consent was obtained. The patient reliable prophylactic antibiotic coverage and analgesics at the time of initial presentation.INVESTIGATIONSRadiographs The following radiographs were used to confirm clinical diagnosis and to assess the exact location of fracture and degree of displacementOccipitomental view and submentovertex view for midfacePA Mandible viewOPG view (Orthopantomogram)CT scan as neededOther investigationsRoutine ban k line investigation Urine analysisUrine analysisTREATMENT PLANNINGAll patients were admitted to the hospital prior surgery. Erichs arch bar were placed on upper and lower standing teeth to stabilize the fracture segment and to achieve occlusion before plating.ARMAMENTRIUM Basic instrument set for maxillofacial surgeryInstrument used for intermaxillary fixation3-DIMENSIONAL TITANIUM MINIPLATE 1.7 MM SYSTEMPLATESDESIGN 4 different designs of three-dimensional titanium miniplates were included.22 holed square plate2 x 2 holed rectangular plates3 x 2 holed continuous rectangle or double rectangle42 holed continuous rectangle plateAll the plates had 1.7 mm diameter holes.PROFILE HEIGHT0.6 mm (low profile plates)SCREWSNon compression, self-tapping, monocortical screws with round head.Diameter 1.7 mmLength 5mm, 7mm and 9 mmDRILL BIT Diameter 1.2 mmCONVENTIOANAL TITANIUM MINIPLATE 1.7 MM SYSTEM12 holed straight platePROFILE HEIGHT1.0mmSCREWSNon compression, self-tapping, monocortical screws with round head.Diameter 1.7 mmLength 5mm, 7mm and 9 mmDRILL BIT Diameter 1.2 mmACCESSORIESScrewdriversBone plate holding forcepsBone plate bending forcepsPlate cutting pliersOPERATIVE proficiency FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL MINIPLATESPatients were operated either under general anesthesia (Naso-tracheal intubations) or local anesthesia. Strict asepsis was followed.In this study, the fracture sites were exposed through standard intraoral vestibular incision.(Fig.1),Following reduction of the fragments and temporary maxillomandibular fixation, a suitable 3D plate was selected and bent with a plate bending pliers to aline the proper adaptation of plates to bone surface.The three dimensional titanium miniplates were then positioned in such a way that the horizontal cross-bars were perpendicular to the fracture line and the vertical ones were parallel to it (Fig.2). Holding the plate perpendicular to the reduced fracture, cut was performed through the hole in the plate rigorously p erpendicular to the bone surface. The drilling was performed at slow-speed along with copious saline irrigation to prevent damage to the bone by heat. To avoid injury to the dental roots the superior holes were drilled strictly monocortically, and directed into the space between the roots.Later screws of suitable length were selected for fixation of the plate. In each case the upper screws were tightened first, followed by the lower ones. For screw alter the rotations were executed using the screw-holding screw driver.Maxillomandibular fixation was released and occlusion was checked by moving the lower jaw. The site was closed using 3-0 silk suture material. No maxillomandibular fixation was required in any of the patient.OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL MINIPLATESOperative technique for conventional plate was similar to the one used for three dimensional miniplate.Intraoral vestibular incision was used in all the patients and after fracture reduction either conventional 2 dimensional L shaped plate was fixed at zygomaticomaxillary buttress region and 2 hole with gap miniplate was placed over nasomaxillary buttress region.POSTOPERATIVE precautionPostoperative course of medication consisted of injection ceftriaxone 1gm 12 hourly (i.v.), injection metrogyl 100ml 8 hourly (i.v.) and analgesic and multivitamin preparation continued public treasury 5th postoperative day. All patients were put on liquid diet for first 2 weeks. All patients were encouraged to maintained good oral hygiene. Sutures were outside on the 7th postoperative day. All patients were followed up at regular interval that is at 1st week, 3rd week, 6th week and 3 calendar month postoperatively regarding restoration of function, stability of system used and any complication.Assessment of the patients was done under following parametersPain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0-10) ostentation present/absent.Occlusion intact/derangedMobility of fracture segment-present/AbsentInfection/wou nd dehiscence -present/AbsentHardware failure present/AbsentSTATISTICAL abridgmentThe following statistical tools were employed for the present studyMean, Standard Deviation, Studentt test, Pairedt test and Chi-square testRESULTSWe obtained following results in our studyPatients in the 31-40 years of age were the predominant age group presenting with midface fractures (50%).Males were closely commonly affected with Lefort I fracture (92.84%).The most common cause of midface fracture was found to be road traffic accident (92.8%).There is significant decrease in pain at 3 WK, 6 WK and 3rd Months from the service line (1WK) for both the groupsSwelling was present in 15 patients (50%). It decreased significantly at 3W, 6WK, 3 MONTHS, from baseline (1WK)(fig.3)There is significant improvement (75%) in post traumatic Parasthesia of infraorbital nerve following fixation with 3-D plating system.(Fig.4)Occlusion was achieved in all the patients after surgeryNo sign of infection and compu ter hardware failure was present in any patient.DISCUSSIONLe Fort I maxillary fractures are among the injuries encountered most frequently in patients who suffer facial trauma and it is common in orthognathic surgery. Fixation of maxillary Le Fort I fractures(/osteotomy) by RIF of the facial skeleton has become an accepted, and even expected, form of treatment. When the teeth of the maxilla and mandible are clenched, anatomic support for the midface is provided through a series of buttresses or struts that distribute masticatory forces from the teeth to skull base.19-21 The vertical struts of the midface are clinicallythe most serious in management of Le Fort I maxillary fractures. The 3 principal vertical buttresses of the maxilla are the nasomaxillary (medial) buttress, zygomaticomaxillary (lateral) buttress, and the pterygomaxillary (posterior) buttress.4 The internal fixation of Le Fort I fractures should use miniplates and screws and be fixed at anterior and lateral buttresses for the ideal internal fixation, whereas the posterior buttress should be without fixation overdue to the surgical difficulty of the operative approach.4 Surgical treatment of Le Fort I fracture according to the ideal internal fixation produces satisfactory results, but patients sometimes complain of weak clenching after the operation. Very few comparisons of the different maxilla fixation modalities and their behavior have been inform currently. In clinical Le Fort I fracture treatment, restoration of the correct midfacial vertical height and anterior projection and restoration of occlusion are critical.Therefore, questions have arisen regarding the stability and number of plates required of adequate fixation of lefort fractures.The fixation of 2 miniplates on each side as suggested by AO/ASIF, provides adequate stability and conventionally it has been the standard treatment for lefort fractures ,Farmand8 in 1992 developed new titanium miniplate system that takes advantage of bi ogeometry to provide stable fixation and he called it as three dimensional plating system. A geometrically closed quadrangular plates secured with bone screws creates stability in three dimensions. .These plates have low profile design, excellent biocompatibility, and minimal rebound after bending.The present study was carried on patients age group 10- 50 years with the mean world 33.14 years. The maximum number of patients were in a age group between 31- 50 years (nearly 50%).This is in accordance with the study of Khateeb T,Abdulla FM(2007)9.There was predominance of males in this study, male is to female ratio being 131,and percentage of male patients being 92%. .Motamedi MH (2003)10 observed in a retrospective study on 237 patients, percentage of male patients being 89% and that of female patients being 11%, our study is in accordance with this study.In this study road traffic accident (92%) were found to be the major aetiologic factor for the fracture of the middle third of t he facial skeleton .These conclusions coincides with the findings of, Iida S, Kogo M 11 who account road traffic accident to be the most common cause of injury in a retrospective analysis of 1502 patients with facial fractures.In the present study it was observed that among the maxillary fractures, Lefort II fractures( approx78%) were most common, this finding is in accordance with the study Motagemi MH (2003)10 which account the incidence of Lefort II fractures to be 54.6% among all maxillary fractures in a five year retrospective study on 237 patients .In the present study, post traumatic parasthesia of the infraorbital nerve was present was present in 4 cases (57.14%) (out of the 7 patients with zygomatic complex fractures) which was clinically inferred as compression of nerve by fracture fragments .Anesthesia was relieved in 3(75%) out of 4 patients in a three month follow up outcome which found to be due to infra orbital nerve relieved from compression by means of reduction of fractured segments in to its correct position. c. Demen et al (1988)12 reported the presence of sensory disturbances of infraorbital nerve in 219 cases (80.2%) out of 273 patientsThe influence of treatment approach on the retrieval of the injured infraorbital nerve is controversial in the publications .Several authors reported that frequency of persistent sensory disturbance is independent of the method of reduction and fixation of fracture. Deman and box (1993)12 state that reduction and fixation are important factors in recovery from sensory disturbances of infraorbital nerve. Taicher (1993)13, observed that there is higher recovery rate of infraorbital nerve with miniplate osteosynthesis than with other method of treatment .We report a (75%) recovery rate of in our study, Our results support these findings .This significantly high recovery rate with 3 D plate can be explained by the fact that fixation with 3 D plate provides better stability to the complex in all the three d imensions of movement? However there is no study in the literature on the recovery of infraorbital nerve after fixation with 3-D plates.In the present study occlusion was achieved in all the patients after surgery. conventional treatment with maxillomandibular fixation is associated with its well known limitations and disadvantages. Klotch DW(1987)14 studied internal fixation versus conventional therapy in midface fractures and found that a more stable occlusion is achieved with internal fixation .S Anand, Thangavelu (2004)15studied the use of three dimensional plate fixation of fractures and osteotomies and stated that satisfactory occlusion was achieved in all the patients after internal fixation with 3- plates and no patient required any maxillomandibular fixation. Claude Guimond(2005)16 studied the use of 3-D plate for fixation of mandibular factures and reported similar findings in their study. As three dimensional plates provide stability in three dimensions of movement the n eed for maxillomandibular fixation is greatly diminished or moreover eliminated. Our study is in accordance with these studies.No patient reported for any type of postoperative infection, wound dehiscence during the period of three month follow up. Lia G (1997)17 reported the similar results in his study .He found no post operative complications in 30 treated cases of 3 D titanium bone plating. S Anand, Thangavelu (2004)15 studied the role of 3-dimensional plating system and did not reported any infection in their study .Claude Guimond(2005)16studied the use of 3-D plating in mandibular fractures and reported a significantly low rate of infection as compared with other systems. Farmand(1995)3 studied the use of 3-D plates in fixation of fracture and osteotmies and reported an significantly low rate of post operative infection with 3-D plates. No infection in our cases could be attributed to the preoperative antibiotic therapy in all patients,and proper sterilization technique.In non e of the patients plates need to be removed exhibiting there excellent biocompatibility in this short period of study. Farmand(1992)18, in their respective studies on the use of three dimensional plates in oral and maxillofacial region did not report any hardware failure with the use of these plates ,our study is in accordance with these studies.Thus as a result of clinical experience it can be inferred that the use of 3 D plates and screw system in the management of midfacial fractures give good results in term of function ,esthetic and acceptability. However, owing to fewer numbers of cases, no definitive conclusions can be drawn, for this studies with larger take in size and long term follow up are recommended.

The Notions Of Foreignisation And Domestication English Language Essay

The Notions Of Foreignisation And Domestication English Language EssayThe domesticating sense-for-sense strategy was the dominant approach in explanation until only recently. The 19th coulomb saw a tendency towards the remote, expressed mainly through the theories put forward by Friedrich Schleiermacher, who stated that the audience was to make believe the feeling that they atomic number 18 in the presence of the abroad (Fawcett 1997 116). His views were later 5revised by Venuti, who regarded foreignisation as a means of combating the dominant, assimilative position of the English-language culture.1.1 Foreignisation and domesticationThe terms foreignisation and domestication have been coined by Venuti as means of providing general classification for translation procedures (see 1.3). He defines them in detail in his influential work, titled The Translators Invisibility A tale of Translation (1995).1.1.1 DefinitionsAccording to Ventui (1995 19-20), a foreignising strategy consis ts in acquiring a translation method acting which does not conform to norms and values prevalent within the tush language system. Employing such an approach, which pre help oneselfs linguistic and cultural differences between the two systems, requires a translation style designed to make the intervention of the translator circumpolar (Munday 2001 147), resulting in a non-fluent, alienating TT (Baker 1998 243). This effect is usually achieved through close reconstruction of the ST structure and syntax in the TT and importation of foreign cultural forms.Domesticating translation strategy, as a contrast, entails an appropriation, or reduction (Venuti 1995 20), of the foreign text into target-language conventions and makes use of stylistic devices, which provide for a transparent and fluent reading, minimizing the foreigness of the TT (Munday 2001 146). Domestication is also said to involve selecting texts which adhere to domestic literary canons, resulting in a conservative and openl y assimilationist approach to the foreign text (Baker 1998 242), which is to serve domestic publishing trends and political alignments.1.1.2 Brief historyDomestication strategies were in commons use since ancient Rome, chiefly as means of conquering the SL (Baker 1998 241). Latin translators not only deleted culturally specific markers, but also added allusions to Roman culture and deleted resistant passages (Kwieciski 2001 17), that is to say, lexical elements which required a large bang of study since they could easily by misinterpreted.The largest step for the formulation of domesticating translation theory is considered to be made by St. Jerome, the author of Vulgate Latin translation of the Bible accredited in 384 CE. Following remarks offered earlier by Cicero, he identified the notion of word-for-word translation, a foreignising strategy, and opposed it with a domesticating alternative, a sense-for-sense strategy, as the correct method to render SL text, thus introducing a n important distinction, which shed new light on the study of foreignisation and domestication.The use of exoticisms in translation was advocated by Augustine, due to concerns about the reply of the Christian community to the unfamiliar features of Jeromes Latin text of the Bible. He does, however, oppose the use of Greek calques should these be incompatible with Latin or resistant.Bible translation became a key issue, around which different approaches to translation surfaced (Bassnett 1991 47). The domesticating strategy was employed in the Wycliffite Bible translation, where the sense-for-sense strategy aimed at rending the text in a common language so that the Holy Scripture be accessible to a layman, and not loosing scholarly accuracy at the same time.Renaissance largely contributed to the development of the domesticating theory. The use of modern-day idiom and style was much advocated in his Circular Letter of Translation (1530), Martin Luter emphasised the necessity to rely on the common language (Kwieciski 2001 24). He recognised that exoticisms in certain cases cannot and should not be avoided, provided that the translator uses them after careful historical and philological study.The 17th ascorbic acid translation style pushed domestication beyond earlier limits. Abraham Cowleys comments in his Preface to his Pindarique Odes (1656), in which he states that he has taken, left out and added what I please (Bassnett 1991 56) while translating, are highly symptomatic of the general atmosphere affected by the Counter-Reformation movement.The first systematic approach to the issue of translation strategies was offered in 1791 by A.F. Tyler in his Essay on the Principles of Translation. In it he points to three laws which should govern translation in general a) the rendering is to be carried out sense-for-sense b) style and register are to remain invariant c) the translation should have all the ease of the original composition (Kwieciski 2001 35).The 19th century saw a turn towards the foreign in thinking on translation. This new tendency, visible in the works of Shelly and Goethe, claimed translation to be a mechanical function, which consists merely of making known a given text or author to the reader (Bassnett 1991 66). This approach is conveyed in the theories offered by Friedrick Schleiermacher in his lecture ber die verschiedenen Methoden des bersetzens (1813). The document deals withtwo resistance concepts, the foreginising reader-to-author strategy and the domesticating author-to-reader strategy with no in-between area (Kwieciski 2001 39). The former option was favoured, through the use of which consciously archaic translations were produced, aimed at a minority of learned readers. Indeed, the audience was to have the feeling that they are in the presence of the foreign (Fawcett 1997 116).1.1.3 Domestication in theories by Eugene NidaA significant shift in translation theory was brought forth by the influential theories o f Eugene Nida, who addressed the issue of translation correspondence through the viewpoint of the receptor of the text. It is suggested that audience design has cardinal impact on the shape of the target text, and therefore different translations will be correct for different readerships (Fawcett 1997 56). Thus, meaning is to have precedence before style, the TT aiming at being an equivalent of ST rather than its identical representation. This return to Augustinian principles of sense-for-sense translations is exemplified by Nidas formulation of notions of formal and dynamic equivalence.The latter, domesticating strategy was seen as privileged since it aimed at stark(a) naturalness of expression and finding the closest natural equivalent to the SL message (Nida 1964 159). Dynamic equivalence acknowledged situations where foreign associations can hardly be avoided, in which case the use of importation combined with intratextual covert glosses was suggested as the proper way of appr oaching the foreign. Translations in the formal equivalence manner on the new(prenominal) hand, were regarded as cases where semantic accuracy is given priority over naturalness (Kwieciski 2001 50). Such renderings were seen as acceptable and for certain types of audiences (the aforementioned accuracy is of great importance in legal texts, for instance). 10Though Nidas model has been challenged by some theorists, particularly for its departure from the notion of translation as exchange of schooling towards appropriation of a foreign text for domestic purposes (Kwieciski 2001 50), the idea of function of a given text with respect to its readership was indeed influential for contemporary theories.

Problems of Working Women

Problems of Working WomenWhile discussing the issues and concerns close functional(a) women, the main emphasis should be on the opportunities for women, as it is of utmost importance. Like every human being, a woman has a natural desire for the expression of her inborn knack and abilities even up a blue baby shows his natural guts through his actions and movements. So, if a woman learns something, she craves for expressing it in some way. It is quite encouraging that nowadays, women waste much much opportunities and prospects for the assertion of their individuation and talents. The services sector has increased the chances for women with its comfortable environment, where they can actively participate and excel, even from a distant place. Hence, if the focus is right, this issue will, hopefully, aim its way towards a positive solution.In short we need revamp in in all round corners with respect to working womens lives. We need to help to each one other, join unneurotic in chorus to raise our issues, put them in a proposal to government for new legislations angled at improving working womens lives.1. IntroductionIn India, men do non shargon on most of the household chores, it is women who get under ones skin to cook, clean the house, do the dishes, wash clothes, beat back their children ready for school etc. Men notwithstanding took cargon of few chores that are to be dealt forthside the house. So the major burden of running the family is on the shoulders of women. It was alright for women to handle all the chores as long as they were phratrymakers. Now with their increasing need for spend a pennyting some income for the family, they form to work all the more harder. They have to take up a 9 to 5 job plus handle all the household chores that they handled as a homemaker. Mens role has not changed much.The status of Indian women has undergone spacious change. Though Indian women are out-of-the-way(prenominal) more independent and aware of their legal rights, such as right to work, equal treatment, property and maintenance, a bulk of women remain unaware of these rights. There are other factors that affect their quality of life such as age of marriage, extent of literacy, role in the family and so on. In m either families, women do not have a voice in anything while in several families the women may have a peremptory role. The result is that the empowerment of women in India is highly unbalanced and with huge gaps. Those who are economically independent and literate live the affable of life that other women consort to envy about. This disparity is also a cause for worry because balanced development is not taking place.12. Objectives of the studyTo study the status of working women in India.To study the problems faced by working women in India3. Scope of the studyThe scope of the study is limited to the present status of working women in India4. look back of LiteratureHate (1978) in her book stated that there is po sitive change in the policy-making, economics and social status of middle class working and non-working women living in four cities in Maharashtra with the advent of independence.Robinson and Skarie (1980) in their article on stress of working women stated that in the area of stress and its blood to locus control reveals that internally oriented individuals show little perception of role overload and role ambiguityChandrika (1982) in her study stated that in the last decade of the 20th centimeury the spotlight fell on various specific issues of women, these overwhelm multiple feminine identity, gender and sexuality, feminization of mendicancy environment and sustainable development, planning and power globalization, sex tourism, sexual agony at work place, Dalit womens issues, tribal women and minority womens problem, womens rights as human rights, communal fascism, women and media. These yielded sincerely yours in depth analysis, studies and discussions and action programm ers.Seta Vaidayalingam (1994) discussed the problem and concerns of Indian women. gibe to working women are subject to more explanative problems and pressures then their non- working sisters. Finding a worthy occupation in the first problem right and proceeds it and of course fighting for the right kernel of education to secure a decent job, stand out it all, after having completed her education when a women steps the field of vocation are not quite correct, we find to be womens staying capacity and the usual remarks is adequate. This kind of attitude spoils a womens changes at all levels and particularly in the field of self -employment with a job come other problematic situations, kinds of people at work especially men. Number of lawyers do not encourage women simply because the later to level the office at about 6 p.m. in collection to reach home early despite the fact that a busy lawyers office is at its best after 6 p.m. Single working women have the accommodation problem, if working in a city their families do not live with them. One has heard and read in the newspaper of the unfavorable conditions predominate in hostels which in any case among to meet encouraged to need. My own mother has never done a days work despite having secured a medical education from the Madras Medical College.Let us look at some of the basic problems faced by working women in modern-day India.5. placement of Working Women in IndiaStatus of Indian working women is far from being satisfactory..6. Data Analysis InterpretationMost commonly used development indicators are work and employment as an economic empowerment measure for women via-avis men, alliance in Decision Making in Administrative and Political power.The status of working Indian women has been shown in Table 1 during the recent past of post independence period. From 1971-2001 the overall work participation rate for women has gone from 34.3 percent to 39.26 percent, just a marginal increase of 5 per cent over a long period of three decades. Ideal share in work participation of women should have been equal to sex ratio of women in the total population of the country. We are far away from this ideal even after 65 long time of independence. Work participation in higher administrative posts is miserably low. Though there has been a cry for equal political participation for women in political decision making, barring a one exception of Womens participation in Local Self Government bodies, the rate of womens participation in state assemblies has scarce increase by .0.5 percent over the period of 15 years from 1985 to 2000 whereas the participation in MPs in Parliament has increase just by 4 per cent over a period of 20 years from 6.1 per cent to 10.1 per cent. Shall we be able to bring gender equality in sound future? How long we should wait for bringing gender equality in real terms?7. Problems of Working WomenAcceptance As Working ProfessionalsMost Indian men are yet to come to terms with the fact that women are also capable of working with them, shoulder to shoulder, in any field or master sphere. They tranquil visualize women as individuals who should be in charge of the kitchen and other domestic affairs.Work is either seen as a temporary infernal for women whose husbands do not earn enough, or the domain of women who do not know their place. As a result, Indian working women do not run low the respect they require from their male colleagues in the workplace.Balancing Work-Family LifeNo matter how high their position or designation is in the office, women in India are still viewed as the family manager back home. They are expected to return home at a certain time, cook, clean and take care of family affairs.In fact, men who help out around their house are often the butt of jokes by their male friends. This makes life extremely stressful for women who have fine help around the house and have to do it all.Travelling For Work is Not AcceptableOne of the problems faced by married working women is that they cannot journey or go on tours without having to answer uncomfortable questions by most of their friends and family. This is especially true for married women, who also have a flourishing career. Their professional obligations often depend on the support and understanding of family members.A married man can go on long official tours outside his home city, without raising eyebrows and questions from his family members and peers, but his equally-successful wife would face disapproval. As a result, women often have to opt out of jobs than involve travel or settle for not being promoted as a result.Safety Of Working WomenThe nosey questions factor aside, there is still the concern for safety of working women who need to travel on official business. Women travelling out of their home city for work trips are considered vulnerable and an easy target to fulfill the lewd intentions of their chauvinist male colleagues. Checking into a hotel alone i s one of the problems faced by working women, even if the trip is purely official. Many hotels refuse to allot a room to a single woman (under strange pretexts) because of their own safety concerns or if a woman decides to stay alone, she is viewed with suspicion.Unequal PayOne of the raging topics of discussion in the stage setting of problems faced by working women (not only in India, but also in many other nations) is that of equal pay. Legally, a woman is entitled to get the same salary as their male colleagues for the same kind of work done by them. However, gender discrimination is rampant as many companies still do not adhere to these guidelines and pay women less than their male colleagues.EducationThough it is gradually rising, the female literacy rate in India is lower than the male literacy rate. Compared to boys, far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out. According to the field Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of Kerala and Mizor am have approached universal female literacy rates. According to volume of the scholars, the major factor behind the improved social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy.Under Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40 Per cent of the centers in states and 10 Per cent of the centers in UTs are exclusively reserved for females. As of 2000, about 0.3 million NFE centers were catering to about 7.42 million children, out of which about 0.12 million were exclusively for girls. In urban India, girls are nearly at par with the boys in terms of education. However, in rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys.According to a 1998 report by U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless).Discrimination at oeuvreHowever, Indian women stil l face blatant discrimination at their workplaces. A major problem faced by the working women is sexual harassment at the work place. Further, women employees working in night shift are more vulnerable to such incidents. Nurses, for example, face this problem nearly every day. There is naught that is done in hospitals to tackle and address the danger they face. Such blatant disregard of current Indian laws is one reason why sexual harassment at the workplace continues to increase.Also, Indian women are often deprived of promotions and growth opportunities at work places but this doesnt apply to all working women. A majority of working women continue to be denied their right to equal pay, under the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 and are underpaid in comparison to their male colleagues. This is usually the case in factories and labor-oriented industries.Land and property rightsIn most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and do not get a share of parental property. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to drop off and property. In fact, some of the laws discriminate against women, when it comes to land and property rights.The Hindu personal laws of mid-1956s (applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains) gave women rights to inheritance. However, the sons had an independent share in the ancestral property, while the daughters shares were based on the share received by their aim. Hence, a father could effectively disinherit a daughter by renouncing his share of the ancestral property, but the son will continue to have a share in his own right. Additionally, married daughters, even those facing marital harassment, had no residential rights in the ancestral home. After amendment of Hindu laws in 2005, now women in have been provided the same status as that of men.In 1986, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Shah Bano, an old divorced Muslim woman was eligible for maintenance money. Ho wever, the decision was vociferously opposed by fundamentalist Muslim leaders, who alleged that the court was interfering in their personal law. The Union Government subsequently passed the Muslim Womens (Protection of Rights upon Divorce) Act.Similarly, the Christian women have struggled over years for equal rights of divorce and succession. In 1994, all the churches, jointly with womens organizations, drew up a draft law called the Christian Marriage and married Causes Bill. However, the government has still not amended the relevant laws.Crimes against womenPolice records show high incidence of crimes against women in India. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010.Earlier many cases were not registered with the police due to the social stigma tie to rape and molestation cases. Official statistics show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reported cri mes against women.Domestic ViolenceGlobally, one out of every three women faces violence at the hands of their husbands, Fathers, or brothers and uncles in their homes. Domestic violence can be described as when one braggy in a relationship misuses power to control another through violence and other forms of abuse. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation and visible violence. Although men, women and children can be abused, in most cases the victims are women. In every country where reliable, large-scale studies have been conducted, results indicate that between 16 and 52 Per cent of women have been assaulted by their husbands/partners. These studies also indicate widespread violence against women as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Such violence may also include rape and sexual abuse. Psychological Status of Women in India Problems and concerns 25violence includes verbal abuse, harassment, confinement and deprivation of physica l, financial and personal resources. For some women emotional abuse may be more painful than physical attacks because they effectively undermine womens security and self-confidence. In India, violence within the home is universal across culture, religion, class and ethnicity. The abuse is by and large condoned by social custom and considered a part and parcel of marital life. Statistics reveal a grim picture of domestic violence in India. The National Crimes Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India reports a shocking 71.5 Per cent increase in instances of torture and dowry deaths during the period from 1991 to 1995.DowryAnother serious issue in modern India is Courts are flooded with cases related to death due to dowry harassment by husband and in laws. In ancient times women were presumptuousness Stridhan when they departed from the house of their parents. This amount of money was put onn to her as a gift which she can use on her and her children but her in-laws did not have any right on that amount. This amount was supposed to help the girl in time of need. Slowly this tradition became obligatory and took the form of dowry. Nowadays parents have to give hefty amount in dowry, the in laws of their girl are not concerned whether they can afford it or not. If a girl brings large amount of dowry she is given respect and is treated well in her new home and if she does not bring dowry according to expectations of her in laws then she has to draw harassment. Due to this evil practice many newly wed women of India have to lose their lives.8. ConclusionThus, while discussing the issues and concerns about working women, the main emphasis should be on the opportunities for women, as it is of utmost importance. Like every human being, a woman has a natural desire for the expression of her inborn knack and abilities even a small baby shows his natural guts through his actions and movements. So, if a woman learns something, she craves for expressing it in some way. It is quite encouraging that nowadays, women have much more opportunities and prospects for the assertion of their individuality and talents. The services sector has increased the chances for women with its comfortable environment, where they can actively participate and excel, even from a distant place. Hence, if the focus is right, this issue will, hopefully, find its way towards a positive solution.In short we need revamp in all round corners with respect to working womens lives. We need to help each other, join together in chorus to raise our issues, put them in a proposal to government for new legislations angled at improving working womens lives.A couple of visibly clear steps the government can take to improving working womens lives areGive higher interest in all bank deposits to womenGive 30-50 Per cent discount in all Rail/bus/plane fares to womenLegislate strict laws against sexual harassment in officesSetup special courts for handling complaints of working wome n against their employersLegislate leeway for special leaves needed by working womenLegislate laws to curb inequality

Explain what happens in Act 3 from Danforth’s point of view- and show :: English Literature

Explain what happens in Act 3 from Danforths point of view- and show how Arthur Miller makes it undefendable to the auditory sense that Danforth is not only misguided unless deliberately ignores any evidence that casts doubt on the stories of Abigail WilliamsGCSE English Literature 20th Century dramatic play Coursework,The Crucible by Arthur MillerEssay QuestionExplain what happens in Act 3 from Danforths point of view- and showhow Arthur Miller makes it clear to the audience that Danforth is notonly misguided but deliberately ignores any evidence that casts doubton the stories of Abigail Williams and the other girls.Danforth, as the Deputy Governor of the Province of mommy isan extremely powerful and influential man, a representative of theKing of England. He represents the combined authority of church andstate in this theocratic society of the day.We do not meet Danforth until the start of Act 3, although ArthurMiller mentions him briefly at the beginning of Act 2 not by name butby his office. Danforth is not one of the main characters in the playbut he is certainly the most controversial. Arthur Miller makes usaware of how this man is a paradox, but I shall return to thisshortly. In the first two Acts of this play, set in capital of Oregon 1692, Arthur Millerintroduces us to the main characters and the levelts that lead to thiswitch- hunt. He describes the people of Salem as a sect of fanaticswhose creed forbade anything resembling a theatre or vain enjoymentand a holiday from work meant that they must concentrate even moreupon prayer.Their outlook and self enforced discipline did help them to survive alife, which I can only imagine as very harsh, as some of the firstsettlers in America. These people lived by very strict rules andregulations, and were not allowed to express their feelings physicallyor verbally. The events that lead to the witch- hunt were, in my view,the blither bursting- such repression found an outlet Arthur Millerstates the witch- hunt was not mere repression but a long overdueopportunity for everyone to express publicly his depravity and sins underthe accusations against victims. It suddenly became possible to speakof matters which were forbidden in an ordinary way. Also hatred ofneighbours would now be openly expressed, and vengeance taken. Old piles would be settled, and all this under the umbrella of moralityand self righteousness.Before the start of the play Reverend Parris has caught a group ofgirls, led by his niece Abigail Williams, spring in the woods- a

The First Crusades Essay -- Religious History

The principals of human nature force tidy sum to fight for what they believe in therefore, reason religion is not objective to that principle in the case of the crusades. In the case of the First Crrusade m all people did just that, volunteered knowing that many of them would check defending their religious beliefs. In the days of the Byzantine Empire, a persons faith or religion determined how they would live their life. It is the nature of people to fight for what they believe in therefore, defending ones religion is not objective to that principle as in the First Crusade. A crusade is characterized as any of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to win the Holy Land from Muslims. The First Crusade played a vital role in Late Antiquity ( mediate Ages) Europe consequently, setting the stage for future events in European history and the preface for the Crusades to follow. The reason for the initiation of the First Crusade, ho w it was fought and who were involved, notable battles and generals, and how upon its purpose it reshaped the Byzantine Empire.The conquest to pursue war against Sejul Turks, who were Sunni Muslims, began when Crusaders realized the Jerusalem had not been under Christian control in 461 years. This was shocking because Christianity has spread throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in Late Antiquity. After Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076, any Christian who wanted to pay a visit to the city of Jerusalem set about many obstacles because Muslim soldiers made it very dangerous for them to do so. Jerusalem is very important to Christians because it has lots of biblical references. In Europe the Pope on with the Papacy has assumed the power of utili... ...rs rightfully thought belonged to them. For this reason the fighting of the First Crusade can be viewed as the war that give-up the ghosted all Christian Religious wars or Crusaders that followed. It ended as a time changi ng journey that changed the Byzantine Empire and the reasons wars were fought. The First Crusade made it possible to start wars with anyone for their religion throughout Europe across the Mediterranean to Asia, on to Africa, and other surrounding areas. The advances of the Crusaders can be seen as admirable and condoned in the eyes of God, who was the wholly entity that Crusaders deemed worth possessing the power to judge them. Works Citedhttp//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers/htmhttp//www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/magdalino.htmhttp//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cru2.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade