Victim Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Victim Interview - Essay Example The organization formulates policies and standards as well as provides training programs in order to encourage employers to offer effective working environments to their employees. However, the issue of health and safety in the working environment has not yet been fully achieved because many workers lack access to effective occupational health services. The interviewer is a victim of an occupational injury that has caused him to be absent at work for one week. The victim was employed last year in one of the manufacturing companies, and he has been working as an engineer. The victim was handling machines at the workplace when the accident happened. The victim reported in the morning at the 8.a.m. and started working in the engineering department with other engineers. The victim was working under pressure from the supervisor in order to finish repairing the machine since it affected the company. The company wanted the engineer to repair the machine in time to avoid causing inconveniences in terms of the organizational performance. However, the victim suddenly burnt his left hand after an hour of working because of the overheated machinery. The machine was too hot; unfortunately, the victim slipped and burnt his left arm. This is because he was working without using protective clothes such as gloves, helmets and other necessary protec tive garments for injuries. The victim revealed that many workers working in the industry including him does not have protective working clothes. The company reassured employees to be careful when they are working to avoid injuries, but they have never taken any steps of providing protective attires. The accident took place in the morning on 12th, November of this year. The victim burnt his left arm and sustained serious injury; thus, he immediately started bleeding heavily. However, the wound was treated, but it left him with a big scar. The victim spent for about two weeks in the hospital nursing the wound. The victim

Case Study for Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study for Total Quality Management - Essay Example Ever since 9/11 this industry has seen radical changes and movements towards downsizing and cost cutting. A company in this industry that was able to maintain a high level of customer service is Orbitz Corporation. This paper provides two answers to discussion questions of the case study Customer Service Processes at Orbitz. Mr. Patton was very satisfied with the level of service that he received. Corporations that provide good customer service are able to achieve higher levels of customer retention (Achievemax, 2009). There were various aspects of the experience Mr. Patton encountered which made him happy. First of all when he approached the company about the double billing problem the company was apologetic. After a short verification process which took a few minutes the firm admitted they were wrong. This is somewhat unusual because companies love to blame the customer. I once had a problem at an ATM that stole my money. I went to the bank and they claimed it was not their fault because they were the owners of the ATM and the protocol was for an investigation to occur. I was not satisfied with this response at all since all they had to do was contact the other bank that owned the ATM to check the video camera in order to verify that cash was not disbursed. Mr. Hatton was surprised that the company ad mitted the wrong doing so fast. Another dimension of the customer service at Orbitz that impressed Mr. Hatton was the short waiting time on the phone and the efficiency of their voicemail system. Inefficient voicemail system that keep routing the customer through way too many options typically anger customers to the point that at times the customer prefers to hang up than to continue the ordeal (Crestcapital, 2006). Another aspect of the customer service that impressed Mr. Hatton was that the company apologized for the mistake on various occasions. At the end of the process Orbitz send Mr. Hatton a letter apologizing with a

FDI attraction in Chile Affected by the Country's Socio-Economical Essay

FDI attraction in Chile Affected by the Country's Socio-Economical Inequality - Essay Example In 2006, the nominal GDP per capita of Chile was recorded as the highest in Latin America. The country however is undergoing a lot of economic inequality (Trading Economics, 2013b). The socio economic inequality is the gap between the rich and the poor. The income difference of a group of individuals, society or the residents of a country is called the socio economic inequality. The economic inequality varies by the economic structures of the countries (Mankiw, 2009). According to several economists the inequality of the distribution of wealth is very essential. This improves competition and increases the efficiency of the individuals. The wealthier individuals tend to save more and spend more which helps the economy in growing. Inequality amongst the individual also increase the social and health related problems of the individuals. The economic growth of a society is also affected (Froyen, 2009) The social inequality has a direct impact on the social cohesion of the individuals, th e population’s productivity and crime rate of the society, cultural and civic participation and economic welfare as a whole (Wessels, 2000). The analysts such as Martinez (2011) are of the view that high growth rate is no excuse for the economic inequality. According to a recent report about three million Chileans are very poor. About 500,000 of the people of the Chilean population are those who are extremely poor. The economic model of Chile and the progressive growth which the economy has shown with time is sufficiently appraisable but still the growing inequality in Chile has caught attention of various economic analysts. Chile is categorised amongst a few countries which have a worst income distribution system. The percentage of the poor population is very high in the economy (OCED, 2002a). According to OECD (2002b), Chile is a nation of population of more than 17 million people. It comes under the category of developed countries and has the worst income distribution syst em amongst those countries. Several economists are of the view that the economic system of Chile would not improve by the economic growth. To improve the economy’s income distribution the government would have to take decisions to redistribute the wealth of the individuals by placing higher taxes. Another economist was of the view that Chile must focus on economic growth and nothing else. The increase in the level of the per capita income of the individuals will surely increase the well being of the individuals. The person who is a resident of Chile and lives on less than $64,134 pesos (US$135) per month is considered to be poor. But a person who lives on less than $32,067 pesos (US$67) monthly is considered to be destitute, according to the official data (Martinez, 2011). A few of the economists are of the view that creating opportunities is a part of the economic growth. Those who are utilising that opportunity are competent. For the incompetency of the rest of the individu als it is unfair to impose taxes and burden those individuals who prove themselves and are the contributing factors fro the economy. ETHICAL FAMILY INCOME TO IMPROVE SOCIETY Felipe Kast, minister of planning for Chile called the ranking by the OECD (2002b) report â€Å"shameful for its levels of inequality.† He added that Chile has plans set in line to take the people out from extreme poverty. The government plans a program of IEF – Ethical Family Income which will use a series of bonds and cash incentives for the children

Microsoft and Nokia Merged Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Microsoft and Nokia Merged - Research Paper Example Microsoft and Nokia are both renowned and well-known ICT companies, where the former specializes in user convenient communication software systems and the latter holds a distinct position amid its customers in the mobile communication industry. As per analysts’ reviews, the merger between Microsoft and Nokia also served the purpose of meeting the needs of their customers and further expanding their business size, along with bringing success in their own respective fields2. In order to gain an in-depth understanding about the merger process between these two ICT giants, i.e. Microsoft and Nokia, it is necessary to overview the background of the companies and to understand their needs of entering into the contract. Microsoft, founded in the year 1975 in State of Washington, operates its business through the development, manufacturing and licensing of variety of software products and also computer hardware devices3. Apart from this business, the company has recently expanded in t he fields of manufacturing telephonic devices such as tablets, which can also be considered as one of their recent expansion strategies that required a beneficial market penetration strategy. Due to its huge turnover and advanced technology innovation capacity, Microsoft has emerged as one of the successful technology companies in the entire world in the current decade4. Correspondingly, Nokia is a Finnish company, which placed itself in a remarkable position in the history, by creating the first radio phone in 1963. Since then, the company has been successful in manufacturing more of the modern and advanced technological communication appliances in the international market. Nokia became more popular in the entire world with the production of small and comfortable mobile phones and following the introduction of the integrated technology. It is also considered as one of the fastest growing companies in the present competitive environment and also as a responsible company, which accep ts the suggestions of its customers as well as believes in equal treatment to all its employees5. THESIS STATEMENT This research paper has been prepared with an intention of gaining knowledge on the incident of the merger that has recently taken place between Microsoft and Nokia in the year 2012. Correspondingly, the major sections that have been described in this research paper are the reasons for the merger, advantages that both the companies have derived and also the possible drawbacks of the incident to critically assess the worthiness of the strategy. REASONS FOR MERGER BETWEEN MICROSOFT AND NOKIA In recent news article named â€Å"Why Microsoft really bought Nokia† one of the journalists named Robert X. Cringely remarked that the incident of the merger between Microsoft and Nokia was somewhat like â€Å"two stones clinging together trying to stay afloat†6. The reason for quoting these words implies that the incident was really a matter of interest for all the gia nt companies around the world. In the process, Microsoft acquired Nokia at a compensation price of 7.2 billion US dollars in 20127. A tender offer was considered as the major mode of acquisition in case of merger between Microsoft and Nokia. Subsequently, Microsoft made a proposal to the majority of the shareholders of Nokia with an intention to buy the

Hospitality Management With Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hospitality Management With Tourism - Essay Example Client preferences and status also play a crucial role in fostering diversity within the hospitality industry, since products and services cannot be standardized. This paper provides insight into the UK hospitality industry by comparing two hospitality outlets, that is, a hotel and a restaurant, on the basis of diverse operational factors. Aim To examine the diverse operation factors implicated in provision of food, beverage and accommodation in the UK hospitality industry. Background Development of the UK hospitality industry can primarily be attributed to the growth and advancement of other economic sectors. For instance, the growth of manufacturing industries meant that individuals needed to leave cities for holidays. Advancement of the transportation sector, through improvement of railways, roads and air travel also means that there are easier, cheaper and faster ways for people to move from one point to another nationally or internationally. Other than the diverse economic and t ransport industries, hospitality is also linked to travelling for leisure or tourism. This is because; with increased per capita income, individuals have more disposable money and free time to travel for leisure. This has led to a significant rise in demand for accommodation, as well as, eating and drinking facilities. Hotels and restaurants are two of the most common hospitality outlets in the UK. The hotel sector is actually considered to be the largest in the UK and it comprised of a broad range of establishments. Hotels are categorized on the basis of their luxury, with the highest being five-star establishments, followed by lower class hotels, lodges or motels and finally, guest houses or bed and breakfast (B&B) places. Most hotels do not only offer accommodation, but food and beverages as well. In contrast, restaurants specialize in provision of food and beverages to customers. Just like hotels, eating establishments or restaurants can also be classified into several categorie s, including takeaway joints, fast-food eateries, popular catering outlets like coffee shops, mainstream catering and fine dining restaurants (Seba 65-70). The hotel under scrutiny in this case is The Halcyon, located in London’s Holland Park Avenue. The five-star hotel is compared to the Berners Tavern, a fine dining restaurant also Located in London, along Berners Street. Berners Tavern Company Background Berners Tavern was launched on 12th September 2013. Just like other new restaurants the eatery has drawn a lot of attention, especially because it was founded by Jason Atherton, a prominent chef behind other renowned restaurants in London. Berners Tavern was named after a hotel that was originally built on its site in the year 1908. The restaurant is located in Soho, a city  district of central London, which is currently famous for its nightclubs, restaurants and other entertainment establishments. This implies that the restaurant is strategically located since London re sidents, as well as, outsiders come to the place in search for fine dining, yet affordable eateries. Even though it has not been operational for a long period of time, Berners Tavern attracts a lot of clients and reservations are not easily secured. The restaurant is relatively big, capable of housing close to a hundred

Entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurship Essay This report will mainly focus on the traits, characteristics and skills of entrepreneurs used in three different context i. e. small, social and larger scale business, to manage, develop and sustain the business. It initiates with highlighting the term entrepreneur and entrepreneurship from different authors followed by theories on entrepreneurship to get a better understanding of traits and characteristics in detail. Then is states the benefits of entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. It will then focus on how small business entrepreneurs use their traits and skills to develop and manage the business supporting it with detailed examples of the famous entrepreneurs. Further explains the skills and traits used by social entrepreneurs and large-scale entrepreneurs in business with different examples to get a deep understanding. Evaluating and comparing difference between all three entrepreneurs and traits and skills used by them, intrapreneurship is been explained in large businesses followed by the detailed conclusion in the end. Introduction Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is a person who manages, systematizes and assumes the risks of conducting a business. An entrepreneur can be described as a agent for change. He is a person who is willing to take risks usually financial in the pursuit of new ventures to make profits. (Casson, 2002) According to Schumpeter â€Å"entrepreneurs are innovators who use a process of shattering the status quo of the existing products and services, to set up new products, new services†. Schumacher, 1973) The process of finding unique ways of combining and blending resources is been known as entrepreneurship. If the market value generated by the resources combined together is greater than the market value of these resources individually, the entrepreneur generates a profit. Suppose an entrepreneur who takes all the necessary resources to produce a pair of jeans that can be sold for twenty pounds, instead use the same resources to produce a backpack that can be sold for forty pounds will definitely make a profit by increasing the value those resources generates. Sobel, 2008) The entrepreneurship starts with an action, the constructing of new business including the antecedents to its foundation, looking for the opportunities in the environment, spotting the opportunity that needs to be practiced and then evaluating the reasonability of the new business enterprise. (Kirby, 2003) Traits and characteristics of an Entrepreneur It is important to consider and look at some entrepreneurial theories by authors explaining what entrepreneurship is, when we are discussing entrepreneurial characteristics and traits. It is necessary to do so because it has straight connection with recognizing the traits and characteristics of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is been mainly described in two approaches utilized by different authors. The personality traits approach of Entrepreneurship is the first and the second is behavioral approach of Entrepreneurship. In the traits approach the personality type examines the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is been judged based on their personality, characteristics and their traits to enable the identity of an entrepreneur understandable. These unique characteristics in a person make them stand different among the crowd called as traits of an entrepreneur. As these are the key and influential factors behind the accomplishment of an entrepreneur. (Kaufman, P. J. , Dant, R. P. , 1998) * The qualities of an entrepreneur include taking counted risk, ability to motivate others, leadership skills and skills to overcome the crises, innovative and creative nature. * They are certainly the leaders and in the process of innovative destruction, they are major contributors. They are open to new ideas, offers and people and try to figure the hidden opportunities in ever changing environment. (Kaufman, P. J. , Dant, R. P. , 1998) The behavioral approach aims at spotting, expressing and explaining the clear behavior of an entrepreneur. The traits of an entrepreneur are difficult or impossible to change but behavior is something that they learn like skills and abilities. It is more concentrated on what an entrepreneur does to develop a new venture and further to be establish. (Cuervo. A, Ribeiro. D, Roig. S, 2007) By the above approaches, we can see the relation between the traits and the skills of an entrepreneur that enables them to be successful in the world. For successfully completing the set of activities as designed in the mind the skills and traits plays an important role in entrepreneurship. It is crucial to apply the characteristics and traits while developing the opportunities of the entrepreneurship among various types of business. (James L. Fisher and James V. Koch, 2008) Importance of Traits and Characteristics in an Entrepreneur The success in business comes from various factors but the major factor in a success of business is the entrepreneur him/herself. The personality of an entrepreneur plays more important role than the other features like business knowledge etc. as it tells how strongly the entrepreneurs believes in them and the further the success f their business. Entrepreneurs are the people who think big and intermittently end up generating a change around the globe with their confidence and zeal. Not every other person can cope up with the business situations only entrepreneurs can, which makes them different from the crowd. Thus while starting up and running a business the entrepreneurs must know their strengths and weaknesses as entrepreneurship entails the skill to form a founding team with matching characteristics and skills. (Timmons, 1994) How entrepreneurs use their traits and characteristics in small business A small business is a business, which is usually independently owned and funded, has less than 100 employees working and does not have much impact on ts industry to which it belongs. (Hatten, 2012). Innovation is the trait that most of the entrepreneurs possess, while setting a small business entrepreneurs think differently and try to achieve their planned thoughts by their commitment and passion. Commitment and passion in a person is important even when they are not in the business context as these characteristics makes the person confident and focused in their lives. Taking an example of Max the young entrepreneur who came with an idea of introducing a product named Toepener. Toepener is a simple handle located on the bottom of the doors of the washrooms that enables the users to open the door using their foot; this innovation was been brought in the market because some people are little extra hygiene conscious when using public washrooms. It is a clever solution, as according to the website one third of the individuals do not wash their hands while leaving the restroom therefore Toepener has turned out to be a solution to this issue. Max got the inspiration to produce this innovation by the restroom in this dorm. 5 Examples of Creative, Daring and Successful Young Entrepreneurs, 2011). Therefore, in the above example we have seen the young entrepreneur who has started a small business with his innovative creation, a remedy for the problem around the globe. The idea was great but the skills and traits he need to make that idea into practice were his focus and believe in him to succeed in the market with the zeal. According to others, it was a problem but for Max it was an opportunity and he used his creativity to make this his stepping-stone. Passion in an entrepreneur is also a very much-needed characteristic in order to follow their dreams with confidence and high enthusiasm. Taking an example, Shannon Guderian who was just an ordinary person who loves the car Ford Mustang from his childhood, at the age of 15, his mother bought him his own 1965 Mustang. He was very passionate about the Ford Mustangs and believed it represents freedom and image. He worked for mustang Parts Company after completing his school; at the age of 26, he quit his job and followed his dream. He took bank loan, sold his car for the finance, bought inventory, and carried out his own small business in a hole in a wall of dimensions 650 square foot. From there he followed his passion for Mustangs and currently doing a business in a 27000 square foot building with annual sales reaching over $10 million. Guderian is an entrepreneur characterized by his passion for Mustangs and passion for people and he says people do trade with people not with organizations. Longenecker, 2008) Above example of Guderian demonstrates how the entrepreneur used his passion for Mustangs in developing a small business and developing it steadily to next level. His passion for Mustangs made him what he is today, his indispensible characteristic i. e. passion which motivated and influenced him to follow his dream for Mustang cars with self-confidence and zeal. How entrepreneurs use their traits and skills in social enterprises Before concentrating on the characteristics of social entrepreneurs we shoul d know what are they and where they work. A social entrepreneur is a person with unique and innovative solutions to solve the most imperative social problems of the society. They usually tackle the major issues of the society and offer their thoughts for the change and welfare of the society. They do not depend on the government to take actions they rather analyze what is going wrong and take appropriate measure to resolve the issues for the betterment of the society. (What is a Social Entrepreneur, N. D. The enterprise which conducts its trade for social or environmental purpose and not for making profits are been called social enterprise. Social enterprise have social mission, the enterprise know what they are trying to achieve, whom they are aiming to help and how they will help. They usually reinvest their profits to their social missions and do not share among the shareholders. (About Social Enterprise, N. D. ) The main characteristics of social entrepreneurs are examining opportunities available and making use of it wi th clear social goals to benefit the society. As they identify opportunity by scanning the society and picking a need that has not been fulfill properly or at all. Social entrepreneurs are ambitious and always willing to do the welfare of the society if got a chance. (London, M. Morfopoulos, G. R. , 2009) For example: The Grameen bank (village bank) which was been started in 1983 by Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh revolutionized the economy. The bank offers micro loans to the people that are not financial sound, to help impoverished citizens achieve financial self-sufficiency through the medium of self-employment. Muhammad Yunus went against the advice of the banks and government and purely believing in him and opened the bank on the principles of trust and solidarity. The bank helped people a lot, raised their standard of living and gave them a chance to make their life as they wanted. It became so popular that 58 more countries adopted this method of Grameen Bank including US, France etc. This results in the welfare of the society as Muhammad Yunus fulfilled the desires of the nation and raise the people of the country over poverty. Biography of Dr. Muhammad Yunus, 2011). From the above example it is evident that how Muhammad Yunus the social entrepreneur was able to make use of his skills and traits of being ambitious and identifying the opportunity to help the society with his social goal to benefit them. Social entrepreneurs have the skills to communicate their vision and motivating people to contribute to their aspiring social objectives. Drive and strong willpower are also fundamental characteristics of a social entrepreneur. (London, M. Morfopoulos, G. R. 2009) For example: KIPP (knowledge is power program) founded in 1994 with a strong thought to make a classroom which will help children to develop their skills, knowledge, personality and qualities to be successful when they will go to college and make a good future for their communities. The founders of KIPP Mike Feinberg and Dave Levin with their skills to communicate their idea with the people of educating underserved children and also motivating their parents and guardians to make the children join the school to create a bright future. KIPP offers free open enrolment to the students and has 125 KIPP schools with 39000 students. As by this brilliant program, the lives of the young children’s are now on track and further results in an excellent future. (KIPP, 2012) Thus, we can conclude from the above example that entrepreneurs like Mike Feinberg and Dave Levin used their skills and characteristics in developing a social enterprise, which include their determination, drive and ambitious social goals for the welfare of the children. They also used their trait as motivating others and making others believe in what they are doing and influencing them to support them. Use of traits and skills of an Entrepreneur in large-scale business Entrepreneurs are been portrayed as risk takers and it is proved that they certainly take risk for their growth as an entrepreneur. It is a very true and famous saying by A. P. Gourthev â€Å"To get profit without risk, experience without danger, and reward without work, is as impossible as it is to live without being born. † Therefore, more risk, more profit is right in the context of an entrepreneur. Tolerance of risk, aim focused, self-believing and innovation are essential and important traits of an entrepreneur functioning in large-scale organizations. (Longenecker, G. J. , Moore,W. C. , Petty, W. J. , Palich, E. L. , 2006) Example: Darren Richards is a well-known and successful entrepreneur of the UK who started his business from nothing and built millions of pounds. Darren is an owner of a Website named datingdirect. com as the site needs personal information about the individual and helps people to find friends and partners. The innovative idea came to Darren’s mind when he was surfing the net after his breakup with his female friend. He was looking for someone to have relation with over the internet but he concluded that every result was coming for US not for UK. So keeping that in mind, he saw an opportunity to develop a site, which enables the men and women to meet and be friends in their close enough area in UK. In 1999, he spent ? 2,500 for the website and got 40,000 members within three months. Then he had an agreement with the manager of Barclays Bank to permit him the facility of the credit cards payment, as the website charges ? 5 a month, which users can pay from the credit cards etc. The concept of his worked, as in 2007, the website has over 4. 5 million members and making millions of profit. (Darren Richards Entrepreneur, 2010) The example above clarifies that Darren Richards is innovative as he thought out of the box idea and sticking to it till he succeed, he certainly took risk by investing on the website. Thus, we can conclude that Darren Richards had certainly used his traits, characteristics and skills in order to develop his business and be successful entrepreneur. Creativity and leadership are other indispensible qualities of an entrepreneur. (Charantimath, 2006) Sir Richard Branson the chairman of the Virgin group are been possessed by creative thinking and leadership quality to manage, lead and influence other to pursue you. Sir Richard formed Virgin Airlines in 1984 that is one of his main businesses. He is so creative that he has a list of businesses done like virgin records, virgin rail, virgin airlines, virgin cola, virgin mobile, virgin earth etc. He has diverse his field of business and always expanded the business with his different approach to think and qualities to manage under these diverse sectors. (Richard Branson Biography, 2005) Many of his upcoming projects like virgin money and many more that is yet to be announced. Therefore, it is evident that how being creative and leadership qualities help entrepreneurs to expand, develop and create chances out of nothing. As Branson is famous for his business risks and daring adventures in real life, he learnt from all of his experiences and many of his letdowns led to innovation and success.

Wcf Architecture In Depth Information Technology Essay

Wcf Architecture In Depth Information Technology Essay Nowadays distributed system becomes increasingly significant and a great number of developers utilize that technology to build their applications. One of the most common used technologies is WCF which stands for windows communication foundation. WCF is utilized on windows platform and .NET framework. On .NET framework WCF is the first service-oriented model. There are three important components in WCF in terms of programming model and they are address, binding and contract. Moreover, there are two layers in layer structure of WCF and they are Messaging layer and Service Model layer. In order to understand WCF deeply some good features of WCF will be introduced such as unification of different technologies, interoperability with other existing applications and fully support for Service-Oriented development. Key words: WCF, service-oriented development, architecture, layers WCF, unification and interoperability. INTRODUCTION WCF, which stands for Windows Communication Foundation, is utilized by many distributed system application developers for its outstanding advantages. WCF enables developers to build their applications which can meet different requirements by unifying current distributed technologies. Applications developed by utilizing WCF can interact with other applications developed in other languages and on other platforms easily. Updating conveniently is another advantage WCF has, since it is unnecessary to re-deploy the whole application if only a part of the solution needs to be modified. Address, binding and contract are the three essential components of WCF. Address is used to guide the packets to the destination. Bindings responsibility is to specify the methods how the packets are sent. Contract is in charge of what message the packets should have. The layer structure of WCF will be introduced in this research as well. Messaging layer and service model layer are the two layers. WCF has som e outstanding features and these features will be illustrated in the following paper. SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE WCF utilizes service-oriented as its model, as a consequence, it is necessary to introduce the service-oriented architecture (SOA) before introducing WCF. Comparing to object-oriented architecture, SOA can solve many problems which are brought up by object-oriented architecture. For example, different components of an application do not depend on each other tightly, so modifying applications so as to meet the business needs is not expensive and complicated any more. Some of the significant features and principles will be illustrated as follows. The definition of SOA is that SOA contains a set of services and these services were designed well by other developers. Hence, different services have a loosely-coupled relationship which enables developer to modify any services as needed without affecting any other services. More specifically, in object-oriented model changing only a small part of the solution will lead the whole application to be redeployed. However, in SOA all the services do not depend on each other tightly and they are all autonomous. The client side of an application has no clue about the implementation process on the sever side and vice versa, as a consequence, implementing and modifying services on both client and server is flexible. If a service needs to be updated and the service is still available there is no need to modify services on the client side. Schemas and contracts, which are two significant component of SOA, are two aspects that SOA concentrates on to communicate with different nodes rather than classes. As a consequence, SOA enables the distributed application platform and language independent. ARCHITECTURE OF WCF WCF has attracted more and more attentions due to many pros of it. Before WCF was invented, what developers utilized to develop applications were DCOM, .NET Remoting or Web service. However, these technologies brought many drawbacks including security, cross-platform and performance and so on. After WCF was invented a great number of developers had started to utilize the new technology and the problems mentioned above can be solved by WCF completely. In order to understand deeply about WCF, the architecture of WCF will be illustrated as follows. wcfabc.png Figure 1[5] Communication through the endpoint  ·The most important components of WCF are address, binding and contract. Address is responsible to inform the data packet where to go. Binding is in charge of the way how to communicate with the services. Contract is used to define what the service contains or what the service is able to do. These three components of WCF are also known as ABCs of WCF. Endpoint as shown in the figure 1 constitutes address, binding and contract and it is can be seen as the gateway for other clients. In order to communicate with a service, clients should know the ABCs of that service. As we know, the Web Service Description Language (WSDL) is responsible to describe what an endpoint can do and how to access that endpoint. C:UsersmalongDesktopWCF architecture.jpg Figure 2 [4] WCF Programming Model Figure 2 shows all the components of WCF programming model more details about this Model will be illustrated as follows. There are two sides of this programming model and they are client side and service side. Client side The client side can only consist of one endpoint which has address, binding and contract for each service. In the whole program the client side contains a proxy which enables the client to communicate with the service. When communicating with different services the client can utilize multiple proxies which use multiple endpoints accordingly. A proxy is utilized to fulfill the job of CLR interface which has the same the function as service contract. Proxy not only does the job of service contract but also provide extra functions to manage the life cycle of a proxy. All the attributes of a service are assembled by a proxy such as service address, service running environment and transport protocols. Different behaviors can be defined by the client in order to configure the local configuration files including instancing, concurrency, transaction control and security. Service side There can be multiple endpoints on the service side and these endpoints are in charge of sending messages to a service if there are some services requesting message sending in. behaviors do the same jobs as the behaviors do on the client side. On the service side there is a significant component named dispatcher which is related to the proxy in the client side. Proxy and dispatcher work together to convert between methods that clients desire to invoke and WCF messages. Channel dispatcher and endpoint dispatcher constitute one channel stack. Channel dispatcher is responsible for getting messages from the channel and choosing the endpoint dispatcher in which these messages will be dealt with. Endpoint dispatcher consists of filters and dispatch runtime. More specifically, it is the filters that make sure the incoming messages are dispatched to the right function within a service object. After the messages are dispatched to the endpoint dispatcher, the message will be transfer to dispatch-runtime within that endpoint dispatcher. The object of Dispatch-runtime is utilized to choose which function to call and serialize or de-serialize functions parameters and control objects lifetime. More details about ABCs of WCF Address Address is utilized to tell clients where the location of the service is. Of course, before a client can communicate with the service side, it needs to know the address of the service first. The format of the address in WCF is URLs. In the URLs, many things are defined including protocols, the address of the terminal providing services and the path which can enable the client to get access to the actual service. In URLs port number in address is not fixed and which port number to use depends on the types of transmitting protocols. More specifically, there are four parts of the address section. Firstly, transport scheme is responsible to define the protocol which is used to transfer message. Secondly, Name of the service machine is used to locate the machine which provides the services. Moreover, the name for that machine should be fully qualified domain name which can be translated to the right IP address by some DNS servers. Thirdly, what port number developers can use totally based on transmitting protocol. By default port 80 is for HTTP address. The last one is path which is the name of the directories. Here is the format of address Scheme ://< hostname of service > [: port number]/path1/path2. Binding Binding plays a vital role of defining the method to communicate with service side. Binding is responsible to control transport, channels, encoding and WS protocols. WCF has provided a large number of models of binding and these models can almost satisfy most of the developers. Custom binding can be built to meet the needs of developers who have special demands for the binding model. More specifically, a binding can be seen as a multiple layered stack which contains one or multiple channels and these channels are in charge of processing data. Transport channel is at the lowest level of this stack which is utilized to adapt the stack to the transporting protocols such as TCP, HTTP and SMTP. This special stack is used to supply with a concept. And that concept is responsible to define in which way the message should be sent and to define what the messages should contain or what protocols should to be used for transmission. Contract Contract is used to define what a message should contain or what services the service side can provide. More specifically, it is the contract that defines what services need to be exposed to outside thereby deciding what to implement inside. Moreover, contract enables the interoperation between different platforms to be authentic. Three different types of contract will be illustrated as follows. The first one is service contract which is utilized to define the transmitting methods among clients and services. Message contract is the second one and is used to define the message architecture. SOAP envelop can be modified by message contract. The last one is data contract which holds the information of classes such as types defined in classes and that information will be transferred between clients and service. There are three messaging transmission methods and they are one-way, request-replay and duplex. In the one-way pattern a client sends out messages to the service, but the client does not wait for the response of that service. The pattern is like invoking an asynchronous function which does not have a return value. The second pattern is request-reply pattern in which the client will wait for a response from service after sending a message. That client is able to do nothing until it receives the response from the service. In other words, the request-reply is a two way interoperation which can be seen as a synchronous communication. This request-reply pattern is utilized as the default method in WCF. The last one is duplex pattern and this pattern is the most complicated manner comparing to other two patterns. The duplex pattern is a real peer-to-peer communication and the client and the service send and receive messages simultaneously which are transferred on different channels. In thi s method the client and the service can be seen as the message initiator. THE LAYER STRUCTUR OF WCF Figure 3[4] The layer structure of WCF WCF has a layered structure which contains two different layers and they are service model layer and messaging layer. What a developer to do on the service model layer is to do the programming task, however, the messaging layer, which is underneath the service model layer, is responsible to transport the all the messages to the destination. The concept of layer structure enables to separate the programming from the messaging. As shown in the figure 3, service model layer is the top layer which is in charge of contract, policy and behavior. And behavior is the most significant part among these three. Channels, encoders, transports and protocols are the components of messaging model in which the channels is the most important part. Messaging layer In messaging layer all the real messages are transferred on this layer which is similar to the network layer and data-link layer in OSI model. Moreover, transports protocols are defined at this layer as well. Format for the messages and the messages encoding rules are both defined at messaging layer too. Channel is a function that the messaging layer provides which is responsible to transmit messages among clients and services. Channel function is so important that messaging layer is sometime called channel layer. Address and binding are two significant components in channel. Address is utilized to tell the message where the service location is and the bindings responsibility is to manage the methods that messages should be sent. In order to enable the messaging transmission to work well between clients and services, both the client and service need to understand all the variables such as protocols, the encoding, method defined to transfer message and transport. It is the factory tha t enables the client side to create channels so as to communicate with services. Listener plays the role of accepting messages from client side through predefined channels. Channels another function is that it can monitor the forwarding messages and receiving messages by utilizing specified transport and messaging transfer method. Service Model layer Service model layer enables to affect the messaging process by utilizing object-oriented programming rules. When developers design their applications the design actually happens at this layer. In other words the service model layer responsible for the design of the application and it provides user-friendly API which includes classes, functions, attributes and configurations. In service model layer the most significant part is behavior and client and service can have multiple behaviors. Behaviors do have effect on the translation from messages to .NET attributes rather than affecting on contract. UNDERSTAND WCF IN DEPTH Unification of current technologies Nowadays a number of distributed technologies are utilized by developers to develop their applications. Although there are some advantages of these technologies, these technologies brought many problems. These technologies utilize different programming languages and models. If developers desire to build distributed system they need to utilize distinct APIs. WCF is the new technology which enables developers to build distributed system for different business corporations by utilizing only one API. WCF can be seen as the combination of these current distributed technologies such ASMX, .Net Remoting, MSMQ and WS-* technology. WCF also inherits the advantages of these technologies such as efficiency from ASMX, extensibility and flexibility from .Net Remoting and so on. Some of the technologies will be illustrated as follows. ASMX stands for ASP.NET Web Services which provides great interoperability and the ability to make packets pass through firewall easily. ASMX transfers data through messages as well. Different transport protocols can be utilized to transfer message such as HTTP and TCP. And the main protocol for message is SOAP the format is XML. However, ASMX is not flexible in choosing delivery methods and security manners. It is the ASMX that enables to communicate to applications which is developed by J2EE across the internet. ASMX has been seen as a very outstanding vendor-independent technology. .NET Remoting has a good support for the lifetime management and self-defined hosts. Moreover, it has an outstanding extensibility and flexibility. If there are many boundary clients which needs to communicate with a central server .NET Remoting is the best choice, because the both the client and the server should be developed on .NET environment. This .NET to .NET architecture provides the best performance. Enterprise Services is the next generation of COM+ and can be utilized to manage the lifetime of object and specify the distributed transactions. Enterprise services enable developers to focus on building service-oriented components. The interoperability is one of the relatively serious drawbacks. And the number of communication protocols which support this technology is small. WSE stands for Web Services Enhancements and can be utilized to talk to J2EE based applications. A large number of the agreements which are defined in web services have been implemented in WSE, as a consequence, WSE can be called WS-* specifications. WSE can ensure the security of an application. MSMQ is the abbreviation of Microsoft Message Queuing. MSMQ enables to send messages to the partner applications which are not available or online. In other words, MSMQ lets the messages stayed in the queue and sends the messages to the server when it is available. MSMQ is the best for applications that the servers are not online all the time. C:UsersmalongDesktop1.jpg Figure 4[1] Unification feature of WCF Figure 4 shows the summary information about the technologies that WCF has unified. As we can see from figure 4, WCF provides more for developers, which enables to build applications much conveniently and efficiently. How to unify different technologies WCF enables developers to use all the good points from other technologies straight away. In order to make the other technologies work for WCF, developers need to attach specified elements to the contract of WCF. WCF can gain a great number of good features due to the unification of others technologies. Some of the good features which inherited from Web Service are shown as follows. Because WCF has a good support for web service, WCF gains some good features about security. WS-security and WS-Trust enable WCF to provide many functions including integrity checking, authentication and so on. These features can ensure the security for the transmission for SOAP messages. WS-Reliable messaging adds an additional tag into SOAP header which enables WCF to ensure its communication much reliable. WCF also supports the integrity of the data because of the feature of WS-Coordination and WS-Atomic. WS-Addressing can be used to make the messages transmission without utilizing transport protocols. Interoperability with Other Platforms Nowadays distributed applications are developed in many different languages and the technologies utilized are invented by many different vendors as well. That situation happens in many enterprises and the applications using WCF can communicate with other applications using other language or software because WCF utilizes SOAP as its communication protocol. WCF based applications are able to interact with applications working in distinct process on same terminal and applications working on other terminals. Applications built on WCF can interoperate with each other when they are run on different operating systems such as Linux and windows. WCF is able to enables the previous technologies to with compatibly with itself. More specifically, SOAP is utilized by both ASMX and WCF; as a consequence, ASMX built-on applications can work compatibly with applications which are based on WCF. Service-Oriented Development is supported Over the next few years, creating applications in a service-oriented style will become the norm. For this to happen, the platforms on which those applications are built must provide the right support for creating service-oriented software. Achieving this is one of WCFs most important goals. Building distributed applications by using Services-oriented Development will be increasingly popular. WCF is seen as the first service-oriented development technology in the platform of windows, which provides a good support for platform independent and updating services conveniently. What does WCF concentrate on is the service rather than object. Some of the key principles about WCF are illustrated as follows. The first one is shared schema. Communication between applications never depends on classes anymore and what they depends on is schema which has be predefined in both of these applications. The behavior transferring attributes such as classes or functions will be banned. Secondly, services are all independent. An interface should be defined between clients and services, which enables the application language and platform independent. However, the clients and services should be loosely-dependent. Lastly, the boundaries should be defined clearly. The explicit boundary enables the remote objects to be seen as they are local. CONCLUSION In conclusion, WCF is a Windows platform service-oriented technology which is able to provide interoperability between different applications. Nowadays distributed application developers prefer to utilize technologies built on service-oriented architecture. One of the advantages of service-oriented architecture is that different components of an application depend on each other loosely, so modifying application in order to meet the business needs is economical and easy. WCF is an outstanding representative of SOA and it has three significant components in its programming model. The three components are address, binding and contract. Address is used to tell where the message should be transferred. Binding is responsible to define how to communicate to a service. Contract is in charge of describing what services are provided. There are two layers and they are service model layer and messaging layer in terms of WCF layer architecture. One of the important responsibility in messaging lay er is how the real messages can be sent out with all the attributed being serialized. Service model layer is responsible for the design of the application and it provides user-friendly APIs for the future utilization. In order to get a deep understanding WCF, a number of features of WCF was introduced. WCF is like a combination of other distributed technologies and it makes the combination of technologies is much user-friendly. Shared schema, Independent Services and Clearly Defined Boundaries are the three key principles to SOA.