Project Management A Buzzword Of The Modern Business World

Although projects can be found dating back hundreds and thousands of years, project management has become a buzzword in the modern business world. Improved technology has allowed and enabled a vast increase in the number of projects to be completed in the workplace. Projects that would once have taken months to complete now take weeks, and new projects follow on their heels. The latest software makes tracking multiple projects easier, and training courses in project management demonstrate new tricks of the trade. The booming economy of the late 1990s made it feasible, from an economic standpoint, for companies to engage in more new endeavors than ever before. New products, new locations, and enhanced services were all the byproducts of the increase in projects. While a recession could mean a dip in big business projects, there will always be a need to complete projects successfully. If nothing else, project management can teach you how to see the big picture and organize all the smaller components of any significant task you undertake. As noted previously, projects can begin in many ways. You might trip over a carton while entering your garage and decide that it s time for a major garage sale to clean up all the junk in there. Poof! You have a project: organize and hold a garage sale. Your boss might come into your office complaining that vacuum sales are down and that you need to create a better product that knocks out the competition before the end of the fiscalShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Of The World Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthe World: The origin of Corporate Social Responsibility in businesses has no fixed date. Most experts, scholars, researchers, practitioners, writers, philanthropists, civil societies conscious citizens opined that it can be carried out in an ethical and socially responsible manner. 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Internship Report Essay Example For Students

Internship Report Essay INTERNSHIP REPORT FIRST WEEK: You would think that three years of school, half a dozen accounting classes and about thirty business courses would prepare someone pretty well for an accounting internship. While I will admit that I may have missed a few classes, I doubt that is why my time at R. C. Maheshwari Associates taught me more about accounting and business than anything I have taken in college . I worked on New Horizon project and done tax returns tally. I helped in recording receipt voucher, payment voucher, sales voucher and purchase voucher. When purchase goods attracting different rates of VAT, we have to create different purchase ledgers consisting of different tax rates. e. g. [emailprotected]%, [emailprotected] 5%, [emailprotected]% separately and have to create different Input VAT ledgers consisting of different rates. When we enter the vouchers in purchase, we can select the required purchase ledger. e. g. [emailprotected] 5% and record. Regarding the Input VAT ledgers we can select the required Input VAT ledger (e. g. Input [emailprotected] 5%) that comes under the concerned purchases. I had a huge variety of experiences and was fortunate to get the opportunity to work with so many different (and extremely talented) people. But the most important part of all this is that I was asked to do important tasks and given challenging assignments across this broad spectrum of experiences. That is what sets R. C. Maheshwari apart for me, and it is what made my internship special –R. C. Maheshwari Associates will challenge you to take on as much as you can, even if it means making mistakes the first time around. SECOND WEEK: With little over a week under my belt at R. C. Maheshwari, Abishek took me out on a 401K plan audit where I have done vouching to make sure the plan had accurate records of participants and had followed the plan document in allocations, loans and other issues. I asked Abishek a lot of questions about why we did certain things, and even more questions that had nothing to do with the part I was working on at all. Each time Abishek made sure I understood his answers, and that I grasped the whole process instead of just telling me how to do my part. As we worked, issues came up that needed the controller’s clarification, and after our first set of questions, Abishek just told me to go ask about any issues I had on my own. I thought it was really trusting of him to let the new intern just ask what I felt was appropriate, and while it may shock those with cubes near mine, I became a bit unsure about myself raising issues about the plan with a controller who had nearly forty years in age on me. I also was fortunate enough to get the opportunity to do substantial work on a DASSANI TRANSPOWER audit with Abishek and Mukesh, and I completed significant portions of the audit program, especially on the assets portion. It was really neat to work on a small entity, because I really got a feel for how each part of the financial statements gets audited, assets liabilities, revenue and expenses. The company deals in electrical goods like invertor, etc,.. It sells its goods throughout India and possess a good reputation in the market. The company turnover is about 25 crores. I have done cash, credit and bank vouching. Cash book is maintained to account for receipts and payments of cash. We should see that all the receipts have been recorded in the cash book. The vouchers should be arranged in chronological order. For bank vouching we have to take a reconciliation statement for every month so that we can check whether the balance transferred is proper or not. .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .postImageUrl , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:hover , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:visited , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:active { border:0!important; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:active , .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2 .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua04378cc7a15ed3e6542696dd97601b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Counseling process EssayYet again I found myself learning quite a bit about a topic that I knew nothing about before coming to R. C. Maheshwari! THIRD WEEK: Another assignment that I spent considerable time on was doing vouching for Arihant Power lines, which sharpened my balance sheet skills and taught me about the different types of strategies to be done in the businesses. The company manufactures electronic goods and it sells its products all over India. The company turnover is about 20 crores. I have done cash, credit and ank vouching. Cash book is maintained to account for receipts and payments of cash. We should see that all the receipts have been recorded in the cas h book. The vouchers should be arranged in chronological order. For bank vouching we have to take a reconciliation statement for every month so that we can check whether the balance transferred is proper or not. I have filed income tax returns for the year 2009-10. The IT returns must be filed every year month before 13th of the preceeding month. While it did not seem to be a great assignment when it was given, I think it was a good exercise because in the future I might work with a client and with the knowledge I have gained I may be able to help them find ways to save taxes or procure financing through some niche program. I had to interact with various vendors and express concerns about their programs, explain what we needed to salespeople who would call, and finally express an opinion about what I felt was the best option. In the interim, I also learned quite a bit about what Company does, and began to realize the possible cost savings and efficiency gains that could be made by clients outsourcing services or buying materials from overseas. I really think that R. C. Maheshwari Associates could be a tremendous asset in the future, because as time passes the world only becomes more integrated. The accountants can provide a lot of valuable services, especially in the areas of currency risks and credit evaluation. The Tax Department also supplied me with several learning opportunities this summer. Mukesh gave me a great assignment when he presented me a tax file, and told me todo local returns. While I learnt carryforwards and carrybacks from Abishek, I had little idea how these were actually used to generate refunds. Mukesh just let me take a crack at it and see what I could figure out, which probably created a ton of headaches for me, but it gave me the opportunity to really understand the forms and I also learned Go System Tax pretty well. Mukesh made sure I wasn’t totally lost, but he let me learn my own way, and that really helped me understand both where the numbers come from and how moving different numbers to different places affected the amount of tax. It was a great learning experience for me, and though I may have bit off more than I could chew in trying to do the IT returns, I know a lot more about corporate income taxes just from doing this one return (Maybe it has to do with the fact it took me two and a half days also. ). I have found queries of different kinds for all the companies for which the auditor had made the required rectification. FOURTH WEEK: My internship was not all work and no play though. The events and opportunities put together were well planned, well executed, and very beneficial to me personally. The journal was a good idea not so much that I wanted to write what I had been doing in there, but that it made me think about my weeks as a whole and get some perspective, rather than be upset at something I screwed up on Monday and happy about something I did right on Wednesday. Our intern meetings were also a good way to see if I was having the same successes and failures as the other interns. .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .postImageUrl , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:hover , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:visited , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:active { border:0!important; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:active , .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3 .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f47ddc199adb94901f25cf3540a31d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion and Love in Mexico EssayThe social side of R. C. Maheshwari Company was perhaps the biggest surprise to me. Recruiting material had talked about how the employees cared about each other and had fun doing things together, but many firms would make such claims. I found that these were not just tag lines in a glossy brochure, but rather they were real relationships between the people who fill our office. I enjoyed the softball games, happy hours . Our events, planned or spontaneous, really made me feel like I fit in here, that R. C. Maheshwari was sort of an extended family. That is the kind of thing is not reflected in one’s salary or office size – but rather it is reflected in the mirror, because people smile when they are happy to go to work at R. C. Maheshwari Associates. I found myself happy to go to work each day, and with my college lifestyle I would not have believed that was possible, but our people made it possible. As I proofread and revised this paper, I recognized that I demonstrated poor English by changing perspective from â€Å"I† to â€Å"Our† in the middle of this paper. But as I went to change it, I realized that perhaps that transition represents the transition that I made while working here. Initially R. C. Maheshwari was just an accounting firm that I worked at, sometimes on good projects, sometimes on bad. But as I worked more closely with the people here, I began to realize that we were something special. That we would get as many opportunities as our hearts desire and our skills could meet. I realized that our culture was what set us apart, and that the greatest assets R. C. Maheshwari Associates held were not on the books, but rather in the seats.

9 Funny Santa Claus Quotes Add Laughter to the Holidays

9 Funny Santa Claus Quotes Add Laughter to the Holidays Why does Santa Claus enter a house through a sooty fireplace? Why can he not simply knock at the door? The magic of Christmas, perhaps, lies in the mystery of Santa Claus. If you love Santa Claus, you will love these funny Santa quotes. But be warned, some of these quotes have wicked humor. Funny Quotes About Santa Claus Lee Lauer One of the problems we have in this country is that too many adults believe in Santa Claus, and too many children dont. Jack Handy If you ever have to steal money from your kid, and later on he discovers its gone, I think a good thing to do is to blame it on Santa Claus. Samuel Butler Nobody shoots at Santa Claus. James Gould A cynic is just a man who found out when he was about ten that there wasnt any Santa Claus, and hes still upset. Robert Paul You know youre getting old when Santa starts looking younger. Arlo Guthrie Santa Claus wears a Red Suit, he must be a communist. And a beard and long hair - must be a pacifist. Whats in that pipe that hes smoking? Bernard Manning I once bought my kids a set of batteries for Christmas with a note on it saying toys not included. Tom Armstrong Let me see if Ive got this Santa business straight. You say he wears a beard, has no discernible source of income and flies to cities all over the world under cover of darkness? You sure this guy isnt laundering illegal drug money? George Carlin Santa is very jolly because he knows where all the bad girls live.

Impact of Environment on Child Development

Impact of Environment on Child Development Free Online Research Papers In my report I’m going to touch on several topics pertaining to how genetic, environment, and what parents teach the child effects the development of the child. I also will discuss my views on parenting styles. I will discuss the consequences of parents working. I feel that the benefits of both parents working are not worth the consequences. If both parents most work their should be at least one home with the kids when they get in from school. In my opinion efforts to accelerate early development doesn’t work. If anything it slows down the process. Each child is different and will learn and do things on their own time. I never used a walker for my children because I felt they were to dangerous. I have seen babies fall off of porches and pull things down onto themselves. Without a walker or any extra encouragement my son walked at 10 months. As for my daughter she toke her time crawling, walking, and talking. With her the more we pushed the longer it toke her. Once we allowed her to do on her own we couldn’t stop her from talking or get her to sit still. Just like with anything else it is a mind thing. Once they get it in their heads to do it then and only then, they will walk. My advise for new parents is don’t waste your money on a walker. The interaction of genetic and environment do influence the development of a child. In my experience with raising a child that was not raised by their mother or father and they still have similar habits. I am raising three of my sister children and they all have some of her ways, even though she never really raised them. For example her oldest daughter, by the way she never raised her but they act just alike. That is were I feel her environment comes into play. You see my grandparents raised them both so I figure it must have something to do with how my grandparents choose to discipline them. Because my grandparents are what we call upper middle class. So they had the best of everything. Even so, the children still choose to be wild and crazy. Unlike me, who was raised by my mother along with three brothers and did not get the best of everything I chose a different path. Just like myself, my sister’s other three daughters were raised by my mother, and they are total opposite of their older sister. Now, don’t get me wrong, they still have some of their mothers ways. They just are not as bad as their sister. My sister’s father family has a history of depression, so that gene was past down to my sister who passed it on to her daughter. I’m sure that one of the ones I have my have it too, but it just has not presented itself yet. Taking this class and learning about the interaction of genetics and environment has only further my belief in this theory. A child is a product of their environment too. Children that I know who parents fight each other or other people are in more fights themselves then a child that is not exposed to such violence. I don’t believe that violence on television is the reason for children being so violent. We as parents are our children first influence. So what we do around them will determine what they do. Which brings me to my next issue. I feel that parents should be the ones teaching their children life values not the teacher or latest super star. If you start when they are young teaching them about respect. Once the child is old enough to talk and understand right from wrong is when you should start teaching them and working on building self-esteem. In this world today a child is never to young to learn the truth about the world. If we do not teach them before someone else does they my end up being miss lead. Parents that depend on others to teach their children the important things in life are setting them up for failure. We must start at home teaching them about sex, loving others, and not to hate people or bring them harm. We must show them love at home so they don’t go out looking for it in the streets. Even though kids will still do what they want if you teach them right from wrong then they will not stray far. Especially these days when so many children are raising children. I feel that this is an affect of parents working and also being single parents. Which causes parents to have to work to provide for their kids on their own. Which in turn leaves the children raising themselves because there is no one home to teach them. That is when children are easily miss lead and to do things that are not right. So even though some parents my have to work, they need to still take out the time to be there for their children to teach and love them. I believe that parenting styles and temperaments go hand in hand. The reason I feel this way is because parents that were to hard on their children grow up get out from their parents and rebel. Parents that are not so hard or not so easy either, children grow up to be good people. And those parents that were to easy on their children turned out to some of the worst kids you come across. For example my aunt is what we call an authoritarian and both of her children started rebelling in their teenage years. Right now, she has a teenage son that is giving her problems and her daughter did the same around the same age. Now my mother on the other hand was totally opposite and she never had any problems out of me. I never ran away like my cousins and I completed High School on time. My mother taught me when I was young so once I became a teenager she let me make my own chooses in certain situations. I feel her style of raising us was pretty good for the most part because I feel I t urned out just fine. It toke my cousin going away to college and away from her mother, to settle down and make something of her self so she would not have to depend on them anymore. Even now with my cousin, being on her own and has a child of her own, her mother is still that way with her. I think that being that way does not build a health and open relationship between parents and their children. When you don’t allow them to express their feelings then that is how we end up with kids shooting up schools. Parents must start treating children like they have brains and be open to them to talk to them about things that go on in their lives without fear of repercussion. Instead of telling teens not to have sex, educate them and let them know that you are always their for them when it comes down to them thinking about having sex. That would be a start at trying to cut down on teen pregnancy. So in the end parents are really the ones that determine what kind of person their kids turn out to be. In my report I talked about several topics that I feel are all linked together. The link of them all is the parents part in children development. The parents genetics, what parenting styles they choose, and where they choose to live all play a part in a child’s development. I also talked about the effects that parents working have on their children. Temperaments of a child are effected by the parenting styles that parents choose to use. I also touch on the acceleration efforts used to speed up development such as walkers. They do not help the process, but slow it down if anything. Parents must be positive and first influences on a child. Parents can’t expect for the schools, teachers, or preachers to be the ones to teach their children. And being too hard on your children can have a negative affect on how they act as teens. Parents most be more open and honest with their children these days, because there are so many other elements out there to teach your c hildren the wrong things. Basically I chose topics that I felt that I could relate to since I am a parent myself and come from such a big family where so many of us act a lot alike. While going over these topics it gave me proof of what I already believed. That parents and they interact with their child effect child’s development and life chooses. Research Papers on Impact of Environment on Child DevelopmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingGenetic EngineeringHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Community development nursing Written assignment Essay

Community development nursing Written assignment - Essay Example To determine the role of the community nurses, the ecological factors that foster the substance abuse problems in this age group were determined, again through the review of literature. The current approach can be based on preventive approach designed through knowledge about these factors, many of which individual, familial, and social may be effectively controlled through social modifications. Awareness about this problem would thus be most important. From the community nursing point of view, due to the scope of exposure and interaction with the individuals within the community may help deliver care to those who are affected and prevent the risk factors that may prove to serve the purpose of achieving control on this problem. Worldwide, the recent reports from mental health care and primary care facilities indicate the significant importance of community health and public health policies in care for substance abuse and mental health disorders. Despite government initiatives, it is unfortunate that research in this area is limited since there is a paucity of literature on substance abuse services or related mental health intervention approaches provided in the community care settings (Druss, et al. 2006). More pertinent may be the fact that with the changing scenarios of this problem, how the services can be adjusted or evolved over time. Therefore the question arises how the community practitioner delivers the care necessary for people with substance abuse with the dynamic care needs of these clients, or it is impossible to deliver care in the community, specially by the community nurses for this problem The Problem and its Magnitude In Hong Kong a survey conducted during the 2008-09 school year revealed increasing prevalence and problem of youth substance abuse. In comparison to the survey conducted 4 years earlier, this survey revealed an 1% point increase in prevalence of substance abuse among school students, which currently is 4.3% of the school students. It is more prevalent in the adolescent age groups, and the magnitude of the problem can be conceived from the epidemiologic data that among 12 year old school students, 4.6% declared that they had abused substances or drugs. When compared to the same data 4 years ago, which was 2.4%, there is a clear trend of lowering of the age of substance abuse. These data should be interpreted with caution since in many such cases, these surveys fail to reveal the actual prevalence due to fear of admitting abuse. Although these surveys can offer scientific data, it is important to understand the trend that may facilitate services that can combat youth drug problems, whi ch has become very serious in Hong Kong. The "2008-09 Survey of Drug Use among Students" documents also reveals some very important information that are useful from the community nursing perspectives. This clearly states that the drivers of the decision to abuse substances among the youth reside in the community. The first is availability and the second is the hidden nature of the youth substance a

Smoking and Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking and Youth - Essay Example This paper will provide the factors leading to excessive smoking addiction during adolescence, and various approaches that will help diminish this obsession. Adolescence is attracted to smoking owing to various factors.  Ã‚  One of the most prominent reasons why people start smoking at a very young age is the influence of their friends. In other words, peer pressure is the number one cause why teens would smoke.   Secondly, when a child grows up in an environment surrounded by smokers like if a father, uncle, aunt or cousins, smoke, chances of smoking is higher because smoking will appear as a normal activity to him.     In addition, youth today is exposed to television, beauty magazines where they see beautiful images of their favorite celebrities and models smoking, as a result, giving them the impression that it is something advisable, and enhances ones personality. However, once an individual starts tobacco consumption their reasons for smoking keep changing. It is a fact that once a child initiates smoking it becomes an addiction and it is not possible to quit that easily. When asked, the reason youth gave for smoking was either boredom or to relieve stress. Anxiety and stress is related to low self-esteem. Hence, one can say that low- self-respect could be one of the major reasons why youth smoke. Likewise, depression in youth is another important issue that should be considered when it comes to smoking, depressive symptoms seems evident in divorced parents or increased abusive behavior towards the child. In such circumstances, a child would be more inclined to smoking cigarettes to hide the pain and trauma. Hence, research shows the most important factors associated with under- age tobacco consumption is peer pressure, family environment that includes parents and siblings and most importantly low self-esteem.  Studies show that â€Å"each day, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people around the world start smoking†

Vygotsky Influenced By Marxism Sociology Essay

Vygotsky Influenced By Marxism Sociology Essay It is known and accepted in professional journals and works that Marxism influenced Vygotsky but why did this not show up in the earlier translations by Western psychologists? Marxism and Vygotsky L.S. Vygotsky was a witness of the Russian Revolution, which was the hot bed of Marxist theory and the forced development of a communist state (Elhammoumi, 2002). This was a period of tremendous stress and change for the Russian people, in which a significant ideological struggle took place (Elhammoumi, 2002). The basic premise to this struggle was between a focus on the private individual and a socially collective existence (Elhammoumi, 2002). At this level of philosophical transformation mixed with the great turmoil of the time, is the perfect environment for innovative scientist to produce new ideas (Elhammoumi, 2002). The same effect is what compelled Vygotskys ambition to be a part of what was called the new socialist experiment (Elhammoumi, 2002). Vygotsky could not have avoided the effect this philosophy had on his life and invariably, his methods based on this, we can deduce that the Russian Revolution is major evidence of the influence Marxism had his lifes work. Another Marxist influences which show in Vygotskys work are the following definitions, directly from Vygotsky work such as the term Adherence, which means the rejection of all non-materialist and non-Marxist theories (Elhammoumi, 2002). Other Marxist associations to Vygotskys work include his belief that society is not made up of the individual or groups of individuals but is the totality of their interrelationships as construed in the Marxist approach (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or the use of statements in his work such as counsciousness is shaped by social relations, which is also an important idea of Marx (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or Vygotskys work in which he advocates that change in human behavior has several elementary origins, such as, the destruction of capitalist forms of organization and production; the withering away of capitalist order and all forces which oppress manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or that Vygotsky believed that the destruction of capitalism would be instrumental i n freeing mankind from oppressive powers and allow man to liberate his growth (Elhammoumi, 2002). These ideas were commonly held by Marxist ideology and wrapped in Vygotskys historical-social theories (Elhammoumi, 2002). While researching journals for this paper, I came across an abundance of examples which clearly state that the Marxist influence is now widely accepted within the professional psychological arena. With these examples alone, we can easily agree that Vygotsky was not only influenced by Marx, but we could say that his works were integral in developing, at least, the basis of Marxist psychology (Roth, 2007). Why then, was this notion rejected and even suppressed by earlier Western psychologists until a few decades after World War II? The West and Vygotsky There has been much speculation in the psychological community in the past that Vygotsky was not a Marxist per se, regardless of his use of the doctrine in his work (Sheehy, 2004). This idea was due to Vygotskys work being shunned in the Soviet Union grounded by areas in which Vygotsky questioned and disagreed with Marx (Elhammoumi, 2002). This disagreement led some earlier Western psychologists to argue that Vygotsky rejected Marxism altogether, and was not involved in the development of Marxist psychology (Kosulin, 1986). Other Western psychologist had not only separated Vygotsky from Marxism but had included a rejection of what was termed as bourgeoisie humanism (Elhammoumi, 2002). Nonetheless, Marxist and Soviet psychologists knew that Vygotskys work was crucial in linking their proletariat brand of psychology with natural science in order to keep up with the developments being made in Germany and the United States (Sheehy, 2004). In order to solidify this link, Vygotsky would have to officially be a communist, which the Soviets implied (Sheehy, 2004). Accordingly, Vygotskys Marxist influence in many cases failed to be mentioned in earlier Western translations at all importantly, by overlooking the Marxist influence Vygotskys work is significantly weakended (Kosulin, 1986). The possibility of such suppression could lead to a crisis in the advancement in the entire study of psycholgogy (Kosulin, 1986). But, as will be explained later, Vygotsky link to the development of Soviet Psychology was questionable (Elhammoumi, 2002). We have established that the reasoning behind the suppression of Vygotskys Marxist influence, especially for the American psychologists, is the implication that Vygotsky work was directly involved in what eventually became the Soviet totalitarian government, which is now considered a false accusation (Roth, 2007). Do not forget that Vygotsky perviously shared restrictive ideas with Marxism but did not agree on all stances in regards to psychology (Elhammoumi, 2002). And today we understand that much of Vygotskys connection with Soviet Psychology comes from a Soviet Psychologist names Leontiev (Kosulin, 1986). Leontiev rose to prominence after a period in which Soviet officials had rejected Vygotsky due to his work influenced by the Gestalt psychology and the cross-cultural analysis of consciousness which was considered bourgeois and anti-communist (Kosulin, 1986). This prominence was gained by winning then prestigious Lenin Prize for scientific research, which gave Leontiev access to power within the Soviet governing body (Kosulin, 1986). This enabled him to reintroduce Vygotsky into the Soviet scientific world, an in order to avoid questions regarding Vygotskys original shunning, Leontiev named himself the interpreter of Vygotsky (Kosulin, 1986). Because of this, Vygotsky came to be known as a mere predecessor of Leontiev, which enabled Leontiev the freedom to correct the flaws in Vygotskys work thereby creating a solid link to the development of Soviet psychology (Kosulin, 1986). Evidence is now known that this link is a myth. Regardless, at the time, Western psychologists were rightful ly under the impression that Vygotsky and Soviet Psychology were inexplicably linked (Kosulin, 1986). This is, of course, the main reasoning behind creating sanitized translations of Vygotskys work suppressing the Marxist influence, not to mention more personal reasons like the lack of book sales (Elhammoumi, 2002). At the time, due to the Cold War, Western psychologist were uninterested in promoting anyone associated with communism, socialism, or Marxism (Kosulin, 1986). This went on until the late 1970s and early 1980s when Vygotskys involvement in Soviet science began to be questioned (Kosulin, 1986). MY VIEW I can see this point of view (was V a Marxist?), especially by Westerners, after Soviet Psychologists in later years, integrated Vygotsky into their philosophies which were heavily influenced by political doctrine and the Soviet state itself. In my view, it would be difficult to believe it did not, based on the fact he was alive and living in Russia during the Revolution how could anyone, especially an intellectual like Vygotsky, could not be influenced by the break-down of a political system which had been integral in the make-up of Russia for generations. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), But, I can see why some psychologist believe there was a connection between Vygotsky and the formulation of Marxist philosophy in the late 1920s, since Vygotsky did not die until 1934. The fundamentals of Marxist Instead of viewing these changes through the eyes of politics. Whether or not you agree or disagree or land somewhere in between in regards to Marxism it remains a ground-breaking shift in intellectualism. In order to see this from another view, Russian, in some cases, was still practicing feudalism which was the social and political structure of the Middle Ages! In the 19th century, as the West experienced a new age of industry and innovation. Although, in my view, true Marxism never came to be in its pure form, and instead, we witnessed the dilapidation and eventual fall of a distortion of this philosophy. I, personally, if these statements are accurate, do not want to see any philosophical or scientific works be deluded by political influences. I believe it is important to maintain historical accuracy, or we are no different than the oppressiveness of the former Soviet Union. What is meant by this, per the author, is that Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand and real intellectual wealth of the individual depends entirely on the wealth of his real connections This make sense. (Elhammoui, 2002) It is understood, in my view, that Westerners, Americans in particular, have a deep-seated distrust in anything related to communism based on the Cold War which is the case with Marxism. The main point Elhammoumi is trying to convey is that it is important to maintain Vogotskys Marxist influence in order to maintain a period of major intellectual creativity which occurred during and after the Russian Revolution (Elhammoumi, 2002). First of all, if Marxism was truly so impactful to vigotsky, then the omission of that would not be an accurate translation, which could have possibly left integral pieces out for Western psychologists while working to perfect the science as a whole (Kosulin, 1986). Example of myself or someone I know who experienced this (see directions) Conclusion Paragraph for entire paper SHOULD BE PART OF CONCLUSION Vygotsky, by using the framework of a post-revolutionary Soviet society, was determined to develop a new form of psychology (Elhammoumi, 2002). Just by what we have seen in the previous examples it becomes apparent that within Vygotskys theory, it seems as though he attempted to develop a type of theoretical psychology for Marxism (Elhammoumi, 2002). This brings us to the the issue of the West and Vygostky. TOPIC PAPER 1 7117 Due 3/5 @ Midnight submit to turnitin.com 24 hrs earlier 3 to 5 pages without cover and ref page. Each paper will contain a discussion of, or reflection upon, the topic presented in the course. MUST CITE AT LEAST 2 ADDITIONAL ARTICLES FROM PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS not including those already utilized as part of the course materials. ABSTRACTS are not necessary. Each paper should contain: A summary of ONE major theory/concept (or portion of a theory/concept). At least one example from your own experience or someone you know that is relevant to or illustrates the topic/concept. Your persepective about (a critique of) the theory/concept. You must provide substantive arguments to justify your point of view.